Программирование: введение в профессию [Андрей Викторович Столяров] (pdf) читать постранично, страница - 2

7
?79H 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
?7=7 @a_R\V]Q _hVa‫ݷ‬U^_bcY UVZbcSYZ Y V‫ ݷ‬aViV^Yp 7 7 7 7
@7 @QaQ\\V\m^lV `a_TaQ]]l Y aQXUV\pV]lV UQ^^lV
@7:7 ? aQR_cV b aQXUV\pV]l]Y UQ^^l]Y 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
@7;7 ;\QbbYhVb[YV XQUQhY SXQY]_Yb[\ohV^Yp 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
@79H 7 7 7 7
@7=7 AQXUV\pV]lV UQ^^lV ^Q UYb[V 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
A7 PUa_ bYbcV]lC SXT\pU XQ [d\Ybl
A7:7 ?b^_S^lV `aY^gY`l aQR_cl ?B 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
A7;7 D`aQS\V^YV `a_gVbbQ]Y 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
A7CD 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
=7
><
>?=
>?>
>?B
>@<
>@=
>@@
>A9
>A@
>AA
>AA

A
@7=7;7
@7=77

B_XUQ^YV U_`_\^YcV\m^_T_ eQZ\Q 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
BYbcV]^lZ SlX_S 6:
?>=
?>B
??:
??<
??B
?@;
?@@
?@A

@aY\_WV^YV :7 ;_]`Y\pc_a 733 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
@aY\_WV^YV ;7 BaVUbcSQ _c\QU[Y 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
?c\QUhY[ 742 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
DcY\YcQ CDB135 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
@a_TaQ]]Q F14 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
@aY\_WV^YV
?B?
?B@
?BA
?BA
@99

B`Yb_[ \YcVaQcdal 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 @9;

HQbcm =

@a_TaQ]]Ya_SQ^YV ^Q
pXl[V BY
=7:7 EV^_]V^ pXl[Q BY 1S]Vbc_
`aVUYb\_SYp2
; ^Qbc_pjV]d ]_]V^cd d SQb dWV Vbcm _`lc `a_TaQ]]Ya_SQ^Yp ^Q
@Qb[Q\V Y pXl[V QbbV]R\VaQ7 PXl[ BY S_ ]^_T_] ^Q`_]Y^QVc @Qb[Q\mC
S_ Sbp[_] b\dhQV5 XUVbm c_WV Vbcm `VaV]V^^lV Y Yf cY`l5 Vbcm _`VaQc_6
al5 S c_] hYb\V f_a_i_ X^Q[_]lV ^Q] _`VaQc_al SVcS\V^Yp Y gY[\Q5
Vbcm Y `_U`a_TaQ]]l5 [_c_alV XUVbm SbVTUQ ^QXlSQocbp ‫ݷ‬ed^[gYp]Y‫ݷ‬D
S`a_hV]5 Q^Q\_TY `Qb[Q\VSb[Yf `a_gVUda S BY c_WV `aYbdcbcSdoc5 f_6
cp Yf cQ[ Y ^V ^QXlSQoc7 C_h^_ cQ[ WV5 [Q[ S @Qb[Q\V5 S BY Q[cYS6
^_ `aY]V^pVcbp b_bcQS^_Z _`VaQc_a5 f_cp SlT\pUYc _^ ^Q `VaSlZ
SXT\pU b_SbV] Y^QhVC S]Vbc_ `Qb[Q\VSb[Yf b\_S 2579> Y 5>4 S BY U\p
Tad``Ya_S[Y _`VaQc_a_S Yb`_\mXdocbp eYTda^lV b[_R[Y7
9^cVaVb^_5 hc_ SYXdQ\m^_ `aY `VaVf_UV _c @Qb[Q\p [ BY [Q[ aQX
Ra_bQVcbp S T\QXQ S_c ncQ XQ]V^Q 2579> Y 5>4 ^Q b[_R[YD ^Qf_Upcbp UQ6
WV \oUY5 [_c_alV5 Vb\Y Yf b`a_bYcm5 S h‫ ]ݷ‬aQX^YgQ ]VWUd @Qb[Q\V] Y
BY5 cdc WV Sb`_]^pc Y]V^^_ `a_ nc_5 Q R_\miV c_\[_] ^YhVT_ b[QXQcm
^V b]_TdcD ^V[_c_alV Vj‫ ݷ‬U_RQSpc5 hc_ S @Qb[Q\V `aYbSQYSQ^YV _R_X^Q6
hQVcbp bY]S_\_] CF5 c_TUQ [Q[ S BY ‑ `a_bcl] X^Q[_] aQSV^bcSQ5 [Q[
RdUc_ nc_ cQ[ SQW^_7 ;Q[ `aQSY\_5 nc_ _X^QhQVc5 hc_ ]Y^Y]d] _U^_T_
YX USdf pXl[_S hV\_SV[ ^V X^QVc7 >Q bQ]_] UV\V b_SVaiV^^_ ^VSQW6
^_5 [Q[ Y]V^^_ YX_RaQWQVcbp cQ Y\Y Y^Qp bdj^_bcmD bdcm5 ^Q_R_a_c5 S
c_]5 hc_ Y ‫ݷ‬cQ]‫ݷ‬5 Y ‫ݷ‬XUVbm‫ ݷ‬Vbcm `aYbSQYSQ^YV Y Vbcm _`VaQc_a^lV
b[_R[Y5 b `_]_jmo [_c_alf b_XUQ‫ݷ‬cbp b_bcQS^_Z _`VaQc_a7 3b`_]^YcV5
SVUm Y `aY _RbdWUV^YY @Qb[Q\p ]l SbVTUQ ^QXlSQ\Y 2579> Y 5>4 _`VaQ6
c_a^l]Y b[_R[Q]Y5 cQ[ hc_ `aY]V^V^YV S nc_Z a_\Y ^Qbc_pjYf b[_R_[

:9

@a_TaQ]]Ya_SQ^YV ^Q pXl[V BY

1`dbcm Y eYTda^lf2 UV\QVc bY^cQ[bYb R\YWV [ Yb`_\mXdV]_Z cVa]Y^_6
\_TYY5 ^_ `_ bdcY ^YhVT_ S nc_] `\Q^V ^V ]V^pVcbp7 ;Q[ `aQSY\_5 [
nc_Z ‫ݷ‬aQX^YgV‫ ݷ‬QUQ`cYa_SQcmbp `a_jV SbVT_7 ;_TUQ SYXdQ\m^lV aQX\Y6
hYp `VaVbcQoc aVXQcm T\QX 1Q `a_Ybf_UYc nc_ `_hcY baQXd5 \oUY S__R6
jV ^V`\_f_ d]Voc QUQ`cYa_SQcmbp25 bcQ^_SYcbp SYU^Q [_^gV`cdQ\m^Qp
aQX^YgQ ]VWUd USd]p pXl[Q]Y5 Y hV] UQ\miV `a_USYTQVcbp YXdhV^YV
pXl[Q5 cV] ncQ aQX^YgQ bVam‫ݷ‬X^VV7 3YXdQ\m^_ V‫ ݷ‬dfSQcYcm ^VS_X]_W6
^_5 cdc caVRdVcbp `_^Y]Q^YV `a_Ybf_UpjVT_ Y _`aVUV\‫^^ݷ‬lZ _`lc ‑
S hQbc^_bcY5 Vb\Y Sl ^V RdUVcV Q[cYS^_ `YbQcm `a_TaQ]]l ^Q BY5 \Y6
R_ Vb\Y Sl S `a_i\_] ^V UQ\Y bVRV cadUQ `\_c^_ `_`a_TaQ]]Ya_SQcm
^Q @Qb[Q\V5 YUV_\_TYhVb[YV aQX\YhYp ncYf pXl[_S5 b[_aVV SbVT_5 `a_Z6
Udc ]Y]_ SQb7 =VWUd cV]5 Y]V^^_ ncY aQX\YhYp5 RdUdhY5 S_X]_W^_5
^V bc_\m SQW^l S `a_gVbbV ^V`_baVUbcSV^^_T_ ^Q`YbQ^Yp [_UQ 1S bQ6
]_] UV\V5 ]l SVUm `YiV] ^Q [Q[_]6c_ _U^_] pXl[V5 hc_ ^Q] XQ UV\_
U_ UadT_T_25 `aY nc_] `_XS_\poc bdjVbcSV^^_ `_SlbYcm bS_Z da_SV^m
S_b`aYpcYp Y^bcad]V^cQ5 `VaVZcY _c S_`a_bQ ‫[ݷ‬Q[ dbca_V^ pXl[‫[ ݷ‬
S_`a_bd ‫_`ݷ‬hV]d _^ dbca_V^ Y]V^^_ cQ[‫ ݷ‬Y b_ SaV]V^V] U_ZcY U_ Slb6
iYf da_S^VZ `_bcYWV^Yp `aVU]VcQ5 ^Q [_c_alf _RbdWUQVcbp S_`a_b _
c_]5 [Q[ U_\WV^ Rlcm dbca_V^ YUVQ\m^lZ pXl[ `a_TaQ]]Ya_SQ^YpD _c6
]VcY]5 hc_5 aQXd]VVcbp5 _cSVcQ ^Q nc_c S_`a_b ^V X^QVc ^Y[c_5 Y^QhV
cQ[_Z pXl[ dWV UQS^_ Rl\ Rl b_XUQ^7 >_ UQWV ^V RdUdhY S bY\Qf _cSV6
cYcm ^Q S_`a_b5 [Q[_S WV YUVQ\ pXl[Q `a_TaQ]]Ya_SQ^Yp5 ]l S`_\^V
]_WV]5 Y]Vp U_bcQc_h^lZ da_SV^m `_^Y]Q^Yp ncYf ]QcVaYZ5 _R_b^_6
SQ^^_ `_[QXQcm5 S h‫ ]ݷ‬b_bc_pc ^VU_bcQc[Y [QWU_T_ [_^[aVc^_T_ pXl[Q
`a_TaQ]]Ya_SQ^Yp5 Y S_c b ncY] [SQ\YeYgYa_SQ^^_]d `a_TaQ]]Ybcd
SVbm]Q WV\QcV\m^_ d]Vcm b`aQS\pcmbp7
3Va^‫]ݷ‬bp5 S`a_hV]5 b ^VRVb ^Q XV]\o7 PXl[ BY ]_WVc `_[QXQcmbp
bcaQ^^l]D ]l ^V b\Yi[_] `_TaViY] `a_cYS YbcY^l5 Vb\Y XQpSY]5 hc_
nc_ cQ[ Y Vbcm ‑ pXl[ UVZbcSYcV\m^_ bcaQ^^lZ7 1UV[SQc^_Z XQ]V^l
nc_]d pXl[d ^Vc Y ^V `aVUSYUYcbp5 Vbcm cQ[YV [\Qbbl XQUQh5 U\p [_c_6
alf `a_bc_ ^Vc UadTYf `_Uf_UpjYf pXl[_SD `aYU‫ݷ‬cbp5 [Q[ b\VUbcSYV5
cVa`Vcm BY cQ[Y]5 [Q[_S _^ Vbcm7 @aY^pcm nc_c pXl[ [Q[ eV^_]V^ SQ]
`_]_WVc `_^Y]Q^YV c_T_5 _c[dUQ _^ SXp\bp5 `_hV]d _^ Y]V^^_ cQ[_S5
`_hV]d5 ^Vb]_cap ^Q SbV bS_Y SlSVacl Y Sl[adcQbl5 nc_c pXl[ `a_U_\6
WQVc dUVaWYSQcm `VaS_V ]Vbc_ `_ `_`d\pa^_bcY: Y `_hV]d5 ^Q[_^Vg5
`a_TaQ]]YbcQ5 ^V X^QojVT_ BY5 SbVTUQ Y SVXUV RdUdc S_b`aY^Y]Qcm
[Q[ b_cadU^Y[Q Sc_a_T_ b_acQ5 UQWV Vb\Y `YbQcm ^Q BY _c ^VT_ ^V
caVRdVcbp7
9bc_aYp b_XUQ^Yp pXl[Q BY ^VaQXalS^_ bSpXQ^Q b S_X^Y[^_SV^YV]
?B ^>9H5 _ h‫] ]ݷ‬l dWV aQbb[QXlSQ\Y S `VaS_] c_]V 1b]7 ‫ݷ‬:7;7;27 @Va6
SQp SVabYp nc_Z bYbcV]l Rl\Q ^Q`YbQ^Q ;V^_] C_]`b_^_] ^Q QSc_[_UV
1QbbV]R\VaV2 U\p ]QiY^l YMY6@5 [_c_aQp [ c_]d SaV]V^Y Rl\Q dWV
: @_ _Rk‫]ݷ‬d `a_TaQ]]^_T_ [_UQ5 ^Qf_UpjVT_bp S Q[cYS^_] Yb`_\mX_SQ^YY5 BY
Rl\ Y _bcQ‫ݷ‬cbp RVbb`_a^l] ]Ya_Sl] \YUVa_]7

‫= ݷ‬7:7 EV^_]V^ pXl[Q BY 1S]Vbc_ `aVUYb\_SYp2

::

dbcQaVSiVZ Y ^V `aVUbcQS\p\Q _b_R_T_ Y^cVaVbQD XQc_ ;V^Q C_]`b_^Q
b VT_ YTadi[Q]Y b nc_Z ]QiY^l ^V[_]d Rl\_ b_T^Qcm7 9]VSiVVbp U\p
nc_Z ]QiY^l bYbcV]^_V `a_TaQ]]^_V _RVb`VhV^YV C_]`b_^Q ^V dbca_Y6
\_5 cQ[ hc_ _^ ^Q`YbQ\ _`VaQgY_^^do bYbcV]d bQ]D cQ[ Y `_pSY\bp ^>9H7
3 `a_gVbbV UQ\m^VZiVZ aQR_cl ;V^d C_]`b_^d `_^QU_RY\bp pXl[ Sl6
b_[_T_ da_S^p5 U_bcQc_h^_ `a_bc_Z5 hc_Rl VT_ ]_W^_ Rl\_ aVQ\YX_SQcm
Rlbca_ Y RVX bdjVbcSV^^lf cadU_XQcaQc7 5\p nc_T_ _^ `aYUd]Q\ _hV^m
dbVh‫^^ݷ‬do SVabYo bdjVbcS_SQSiVT_ aQ^VV pXl[Q KLYU5 ^QXSQS aVXd\m6
cQc `a_bc_ K 1hYcQVcbp ‫ݷ‬2Y‫ݷ‬25 Y ^Q`YbQ\ Y^cVa`aVcQc_a nc_T_ pXl[Q7
@_XWV C_]`b_^ `_`lcQ\bp `VaV`YbQcm ^Q 2Y Sbo bS_o bYbcV]d5 b
cV] hc_Rl V‫^ ݷ‬V ^dW^_ Rl\_ [QWUlZ aQX `VaV`YblSQcm b ^d\p `aY
`VaV^_bV ^Q UadTYV ]QiY^l7 ; c_]d SaV]V^Y bYbcV]Q dWV aQR_cQ\Q
^Q `_`d\pa^_Z c_TUQ YMY6::5 [_c_aQp Rl\Q ^Vb_S]VbcY]Q b YMY6@ `_
]QiY^^_]d [_Ud5 ^_ QbbV]R\Va^lV ]^V]_^Y[Y ^Q ncYf [_]`mocVaQf
Yb`_\mX_SQ\Ybm `_hcY _UY^Q[_SlV5 cQ[ hc_ `VaV^VbcY bYbcV]d b _U^_Z
]QiY^l ^Q UadTdo dUQ\_bm baQS^YcV\m^_ Rlbca_D _U^Q[_ bS_VZ _hVaVUY
WUQ\Y UadTYV Q``QaQc^lV QafYcV[cdal5 Y `Vab`V[cYSQ [QWUlZ aQX
`VaV`YblSQcm Sbo bYbcV]d C_]`b_^d b_SVaiV^^_ ^V ^aQSY\Qbm7
@_`lc[Q Yb`_\mX_SQcm 2Y S [QhVbcSV ^_S_T_ pXl[Q aVQ\YXQgYY pU6
aQ bYbcV]l db`Vf_] ^V dSV^hQ\Qbm5 b\Yi[_] dW `aY]YcYSV^ Rl\ nc_c
pXl[D U_bcQc_h^_ b[QXQcm5 hc_ cY`_S UQ^^lf S ^‫^ ]ݷ‬V Rl\_5 Sbp aQR_cQ
b UQ^^l]Y `a_f_UY\Q S cVa]Y^Qf ]QiY^^lf b\_S7 @_\_WV^YV dUQ\_bm
Yb`aQSYcm 5n^^Ybd AYchY5 [_c_alZ S_SaV]p `aYb_VUY^Y\bp [ C_]`6
b_^d S VT_ n[b`VaY]V^cQf7 PXl[5 b_XUQ^^lZ ^Q _b^_SV 2Y5 ^QXSQ\Y5
^VU_\T_ Ud]Qp5 b\VUdojVZ Rd[S_Z Q^T\YZb[_T_ Q\eQSYcQD cQ[ `_pSY\bp
pXl[ L 1BY27
5n^^YbQ AYchY hQbc_ ^QXlSQoc QSc_a_] pXl[Q BY5 `_b[_\m[d VT_
b_QSc_a `_ [^YTV ‫ݷ‬PXl[ BY‫ ݷ‬d:f 2aQZQ^ ;Va^YTQ^ XQpSY\ S _U^_] YX
bS_Yf `_XU^Yf Y^cVaSmo5 hc_ ^V `aY^Y]Q\ dhQbcYp S b_XUQ^YY pXl[Q Y
hc_ Sb‫ ݷ‬nc_ aVXd\mcQc aQR_cl AYchYD ^_5 bdUp `_ SbV]d5 `aQSY\m^VZ bhY6
cQcm5 hc_ d pXl[Q BY Rl\_ USQ QSc_aQC 5n^^Yb AYchY Y ;V^ C_]`b_^D
S [_^gV [_^g_S5 BY Rl\ S_ ]^_T_] Y^b`YaYa_SQ^ pXl[_] 2Y5 [_c_alZ
`aYUd]Q\ C_]`b_^5 Y Y]V^^_ C_]`b_^ bcQ\ `VaSl] Q[cYS^l] `_\mX_6
SQcV\V] BY5 `VaV`YbQS ^Q ^‫ ]ݷ‬bS_o _`VaQgY_^^do bYbcV]d7
3_ SbVZ nc_Z Ybc_aYY SlUV\pocbp caY _b^_S^lf eQ[c_aQ5 `_XS_6
\pojYf `_^pcm BY [Q[ pS\V^YV7 3_6`VaSlf5 pXl[ Rl\ b_XUQ^ S [QhV6
bcSV XQ]V^YcV\p pXl[Q QbbV]R\VaQD S_6Sc_alf5 _U^Y] YX SQW^VZiYf
b__RaQWV^YZ `aY VT_ b_XUQ^YY Rl\Q `a_bc_cQ aVQ\YXQgYYD S6caVcmYf5
pXl[ Rl\5 hc_