Программирование: введение в профессию [Андрей Викторович Столяров] (pdf) читать постранично, страница - 3

Книга в формате pdf! Изображения и текст могут не отображаться!


 [Настройки текста]  [Cбросить фильтры]

^QXlSQVcbp5 ‫ݷ‬b\V`\V^‫_` ݷ‬U [_^[aVc^do XQUQhd5 SbcQS6
ido XUVbm Y bVZhQb5 Y UV\Q\Y VT_5 [Q[ T_S_apc S cQ[Yf b\dhQpf5 ‫^ݷ‬Q
[_\V^[V‫ݷ‬7 3apU \Y 5n^^Yb AYchY5 S c_ SaV]p Vj‫_ ݷ‬hV^m ]_\_U_Z5 ]_T
`aVU`_\QTQcm5 hc_ b_XUQSQV]lZ Y] pXl[ `VaVWYS‫ݷ‬c bS_VT_ b_XUQcV6
\p Y5 dWV `a_bdjVbcS_SQS R_\miV b_a_[Q \Vc 1Q _`YblSQV]lV b_RlcYp
`a_Ybf_UY\Y S ^QhQ\V :B@96f T_U_S25 Sb‫ ݷ‬Vj‫^ ݷ‬V RdUVc Sl[QXlSQcm ^Y6

:;

@a_TaQ]]Ya_SQ^YV ^Q pXl[V BY

[Q[Yf `aYX^Q[_S ^QUSYTQojVZbp bcQa_bcYD bVZhQb ]_W^_ U_bcQc_h^_
b]V\_ `aVUb[QXlSQcm5 hc_ Vj‫] _` ݷ‬V^miVZ ]VaV `_\c_aQ6USQ UVbpc[Q
\Vc pXl[d BY ^YhVT_ ^V Ta_XYc5 UQWV Vb\Y SUadT [_]d6c_ dUQbcbp b_6
XUQcm V]d `_\^_gV^^do XQ]V^d7
B cVf^_\_TYhVb[_Z c_h[Y XaV^Yp bYcdQgYp bVZhQb SlT\pUYc cQ[7
9]Vocbp `_ ]V^miVZ ]VaV USV _R\QbcY XQUQh5 TUV VUY^bcSV^^_Z Q\m6
cVa^QcYS_Z BY _[QXlSQVcbp pXl[ QbbV]R\VaQC nc_5 S_6`VaSlf5 pUaQ _`V6
aQgY_^^lf bYbcV]5 Y5 S_6Sc_alf5 `a_iYS[Y U\p ]Y[a_[_^ca_\\Va_S ‑
b`VgYQ\YXYa_SQ^^lf [_]`mocVa_S5 Yb`_\mXdV]lf U\p d`aQS\V^Yp cVf6
^Y[_Z 1\YecQ]Y5 bcYaQ\m^l]Y ]QiY^Q]Y Y c7 `72D UQWV RY\Vc ^Q ]Vca_
S =_b[SV `aVUbcQS\pVc b_R_Z ^V hc_ Y^_V5 [Q[ [_]`mocVa ^Q _b^_SV
]Y[a_[_^ca_\\VaQ7 ; S_`a_bd _ c_]5 `_hV]d nc_ cQ[ Y hV] XUVbm ^V
dbcaQYSQoc UadTYV pXl[Y5 ]l SVa^‫]ݷ‬bp `_XWV5 R\YWV [ [_^gd nc_Z
hQbcYD `_[Q `a_bc_ _c]VcY]5 hc_ aQR_cQ ^Q pXl[V QbbV]R\VaQ _[QXl6
SQVcbp S UVbpc[Y aQX R_\VV cadU_‫_[]ݷ‬Z5 `aYh‫ ]ݷ‬Vb\Y [_TUQ6c_ UQS^_
Vj‫_] ݷ‬W^_ Rl\_ bbl\Qcmbp ^Q R_\VV Slb_[do neeV[cYS^_bcm QbbV]6
R\Va^lf `a_TaQ]]5 c_ bVZhQb _`cY]YXQc_al [_UQ5 Sbca_V^^lV `ap]_
S [_]`Y\pc_a5 U_RYSQocbp cQ[Yf aVXd\mcQc_S `_ Rlbca_UVZbcSYo5 hc_
hV\_SV[5 aQR_cQp Sadh^do5 S R_\miY^bcSV b\dhQVS `a_bc_ ^V ]_WVc
bUV\Qcm \dhiV7 @_nc_]d5 [_TUQ UV\_ U_f_UYc U_ ^YX[_da_S^VS_T_ `a_6
TaQ]]Ya_SQ^Yp5 pXl[ QbbV]R\VaQ Yb`_\mXdVcbp \Yim U\p cVf aVU[Yf Y
^VX^QhYcV\m^lf `_ _Rk‫]ݷ‬d eaQT]V^c_S5 [_c_alV ^V ]_Tdc Rlcm bUV6
\Q^l UQWV ^Q BYD `aY]Va_] cQ[_T_ eaQT]V^cQ ]_WVc b\dWYcm c_h[Q
Sf_UQ S _RaQR_chY[ `aValSQ^Yp S pUaV ?B Y\Y5 ^Q`aY]Va5 _RaQjV^YV
[ `_acQ] SS_UQ6SlS_UQ S UaQZSVaV5 Y nc_ _Rlh^_ ^Vb[_\m[_ bca_hV[7
2_\mido hQbcm ^YX[_da_S^VS_Z `a_TaQ]]l `Yidc Y]V^^_ ^Q BY5 hc_
`_XS_\pVc n[_^_]Ycm U_a_T_bc_pjVV SaV]p `a_TaQ]]Ybc_S7
3 `_b\VUdojYf `QaQTaQeQf ]l dSYUY]5 hc_ BY S_ ]^_T_] ^V\_6
TYhV^5 ^VbdaQXV^ Y S__RjV [_i]QaV^5 VT_ a_WUV^YV S SYUV ‫^ݷ‬Q[_\V^6
^_Z `_UV\[Y‫ ݷ‬UQ‫ݷ‬c bVRp X^Qcm7 ;Q[ T_S_apc S cQ[Yf b\dhQpf5 ^_ \oRY]
]l VT_ ^V XQ nc_C `YbQcm ^Q pXl[V QbbV]R\VaQ Rl\_ Rl Vj‫ ݷ‬fdWV5 Q
UadTYf SQaYQ^c_S ]_WVc `a_bc_ ^V Rlcm7 ;a_]V dWV d`_]Y^QSiYf6
bp pUVa _`VaQgY_^^lf bYbcV] Y `a_iYS_[ U\p ]Y[a_[_^ca_\\Va_S5 c_
Vbcm `a_TaQ]]5 aQR_cQojYf ‫^ݷ‬V`_baVUbcSV^^_ ^Q WV\VXV‫ݷ‬5 [_c_alV aV6
Q\m^_ R_\miV ^Y ^Q h‫^ ]ݷ‬V ^Q`YbQcm5 ^YX[_da_S^VS_V `a_TaQ]]Ya_6
SQ^YV hQbc_ `aY]V^pVcbp Y S UadTYf _R\Qbcpf5 [Q[ `aQSY\_5 aQUY b_6
[aQjV^Yp XQSYbY]_bcVZ _c S^Vi^Yf db\_SYZ7 9XSVbc^_5 hc_ Y]V^^_
^Q hYbc_] BY ^Q`YbQ^_ R_\mi_V [_\YhVbcS_ `VaV^_bY]lf `a_TaQ]]5
cQ[Yf5 [_c_alV RVX bdjVbcSV^^lf YX]V^V^YZ XQ`db[Qocbp Y aQR_cQoc
S b_SVaiV^^_ aQX^lf _`VaQgY_^^lf baVUQf Y ^Q aQX^lf Q``QaQc^lf
`\Qce_a]Qf7 BQ]_ `_ bVRV nc_ SlT\pUYc ^Vb[_\m[_ ^V_WYUQ^^_5 SVUm
`a_TaQ]]Q ^Q ^YX[_] da_S^V dhYclSQVc _b_RV^^_bcY `\Qce_a]l5 ^Q
c_ nc_ Y ^YX[YZ da_SV^mD `aQ[cY[Q `_[QXlSQVc5 hc_ dhVbcm _b_RV^^_bcY
aQX^__RaQX^lf `\Qce_a] S `a_TaQ]]V ^Q BY _[QXlSQVcbp S_ ]^_TYf

‫= ݷ‬7:7 EV^_]V^ pXl[Q BY 1S]Vbc_ `aVUYb\_SYp2

:<

b\dhQpf `a_jV5 ^VWV\Y _RVb`VhYSQcm VUY^__RaQXYV aQR_cl Y^cVa`aV6
cQc_a_S5 [_]`Y\pc_a_S Y RYR\Y_cV[5 `_UUVaWYSQojYf `a_TaQ]]Ya_6
SQ^YV ^Q Slb_[_] da_S^V5 QRbcaQTYa_SQ^^_] _c ]QiY^lD `a_TaQ]]Q5
[_^Vh^_5 `aY nc_] ]_WVc S__RjV ^Y[Q[ ^V dhYclSQcm _b_RV^^_bcY Q`6
`QaQcdal Y _`VaQgY_^[Y5 S_c c_\m[_ RYR\Y_cV[Y Y caQ^b\pc_al bQ6
]Y `_ bVRV _[QXlSQocbp `a_TaQ]]Q]Y ^YX[_T_ da_S^p5 Q Yf _Rk‫ ]ݷ‬Y
b\_W^_bcm5 VbcVbcSV^^_5 ]_Tdc Rlcm T_aQXU_ R_\miV5 ^VWV\Y _Rk‫ ]ݷ‬Y
b\_W^_bcm ^QiVZ `a_TaQ]]l7
9cQ[5 d ^Qb Vbcm `aYhY^l cVa`Vcm pXl[ BY5 `aYc_] Y]V^^_ cQ[Y]5
[Q[_S _^ Vbcm7 4\QS^_V `aY nc_] ‑ ^V XQRlSQcm5 hc_ ]l VT_ Y]V^^_
hc_ cVa`Y] Y ^V ^QhY^Qcm5 [Q[ nc_ hQbc_ `a_Ybf_UYc b \oRYcV\p]Y
nc_T_ pXl[Q5 ^Q ^‫ ]ݷ‬Ud]Qcm5 `_\^_bcmo YT^_aYadp VT_ ^VU_bcQc[Y Y
UQWV S_b`aY^Y]Qp Yf [Q[ U_bc_Y^bcSQ7 ; bhQbcmo5 BY U\p SQb RdUVc
^V `VaSl] pXl[_] `a_TaQ]]Ya_SQ^Yp5 cQ[ hc_ Sl dWV YXRVT\Y hQbcY
_`Qb^_bcVZ5 [_c_alV b_UVaWYc S bVRV nc_c pXl[ U\p ^V_[aV`iVT_ ]_XTQ
^QhY^QojVT_ `a_TaQ]]YbcQ5 ^_ nc_ ^V `_S_U dcaQhYSQcm RUYcV\m^_bcm7
2UYcV\m^_bcY _c SQb `_caVRdoc cQ[WV `aVU`aY^pclV S `_b\VU^YV `_\c_aQ
UVbpcY\VcYp bdU_a_W^lV `_`lc[Y d\dhiYcm pXl[ BY `dc‫` ]ݷ‬aY^pcYp ^_Slf
‫ݷ‬bcQ^UQac_S‫ ‑ ݷ‬b^QhQ\Q LBB5 Q `_c_]5 dWV ^V cQ[ UQS^_5 L::7 NcY bcQ^UQacl
`aYSV\Y [ `_pS\V^Yo b_SVaiV^^_ ^V\V`_T_ pS\V^Yp5 aQbcVapSiVT_ R_\miY^bcS_
_b^_S^lf `aYS\V[QcV\m^lf hVac pXl[Q BY5 ^_ b_faQ^YSiVT_ SbV VT_ ^VU_bcQc[Y7
@aY nc_] [_]YcVcl `_ bcQ^UQacYXQgYY eQ[cYhVb[Y XQpS\poc SbV]d b__RjV6
bcSd5 hc_5 ]_\5 pXl[ BY5 [ [_c_a_]d Sl `aYSl[\Y5 _c^l^V `aVUbcQS\pVc b_R_Z
^V c_5 hc_ Rl\_ aQ^miV5 Y SQ] SbV] `aYU‫ݷ‬cbp b ncY] b]YaYcmbp7 B\VUdVc _c6
]VcYcm5 hc_ cQ[ `a_Ybf_UYc ^V c_\m[_ S _R\QbcY pXl[_S `a_TaQ]]Ya_SQ^Yp7
3 `_b\VU^YV UVbpcY\VcYp cVf^YhVb[YV bcQ^UQacl S_ Sb‫] ]ݷ‬YaV Sb‫ ݷ‬hQjV bcQ^_6
Spcbp Y^bcad]V^c_] [ad`^lf [_a`_aQgYZ `_ SlcVb^V^Yo b al^[Q ^VXQSYbY]lf
aQXaQR_chY[_S Y ^QbQWUV^Yo ‫ݷ‬aViV^YZ‫ݷ‬5 `aVU\QTQV]lf [ad`^l]Y YTa_[Q]Y7
3 U_SVaiV^YV [QacY^l R\X XQ`aVjQVc _c[alcdo `dR\Y[QgYo bS_Yf bcQ^UQac_S
Y SXY]QVc `\Qcd XQ Yf cV[bclD Vb\Y bhYcQcm _U^Y] YX _b^_S^lf `aVU^QX^QhV6
^YZ cVf^YhVb[_Z bcQ^UQacYXQgYY b_S]VbcY]_bcm `a_Ud[gYY aQX\Yh^lf `a_YX6
S_UYcV\VZ5 c_ cQ[Qp `_\YcY[Q R\X _hVSYU^l] _RaQX_] ^Q`ap]do `a_cYS_aVhYc
gV\p]5 [_c_al]5 `_ YUVV5 U_\W^Q b__cSVcbcS_SQcm7
>Vb_]^V^^_5 b_S]VbcY]_bcm dbca_ZbcS Y `a_TaQ]]5 b_XUQ^^lf aQX^l]Y `a_6
YXS_UYcV\p]Y ‑ SVjm SQW^Qp5 ^dW^Qp Y `aY nc_] ^V ]_WVc Rlcm U_bcYT^dcQ RVX
e_a]Q\m^lf b`VgYeY[QgYZ5 _U^Q[_ XUVbm ]l bcQ\[YSQV]bp b ]Qbb_S_Z 1Y5 S_X6
]_W^_5 S apUV b\dhQVS X\_^Q]VaV^^_Z2 `_U]V^_Z `_^pcYZ7 3bp[YZ cVf^YhVb[YZ
bcQ^UQac5 aQXd]VVcbp5 `aVUbcQS\pVc b_R_Z b`VgYeY[QgYo5 ^_ _RaQc^_V [QcVT_6
aYhVb[Y ^VSVa^_7
B`VgYeY[QgYp ]_WVc _`YblSQcm ^Vhc_ dWV bdjVbcSdojVV 1aVQ\YX_SQ^^_V25
Y [_TUQ b`VgYeY[QgYo b_XUQoc cVf^YhVb[YV b`VgYQ\Ybcl5 ^V Sf_UpjYV ^Y S [Q6
[YV [_]YcVcl5 _Rlh^_ Y]V^^_ cQ[ Y `a_Ybf_UYc7 CQ[do b`VgYeY[QgYo ]_W^_
aQbb]QcaYSQcm [Q[ XQpS\V^YV SYUQ ‫ݷ‬p cdc hc_6c_ bUV\Q\5 [c_ f_hVc ‑ `aYb_6
VUY^pZcVbm‫ݷ‬7 ?hVSYU^_5 [QWUlZ S`aQSV ‫ݷ‬hc_6c_ bUV\Qcm‫ ݷ‬1[_^Vh^_5 Vb\Y nc_
^V R_VS_V _caQS\pojVV SVjVbcS_ Y ^V pUVa^Qp R_]RQ5 UQ Y S ncYf b\dhQpf Sb‫ݷ‬
^V bc_\m _hVSYU^_25 Y5 aQXd]VVcbp5 b__RjYcm _R nc_] iYa_[_Z `dR\Y[V ‑ c_WV7
6bcVbcSV^^_5 nc_ ^Y[_T_ ^Y [ hV]d ^V _RpXlSQVc Y _RpXlSQcm ^V ]_WVc5 ^_ [c_6c_

:=

@a_TaQ]]Ya_SQ^YV ^Q pXl[V BY

S`_\^V ]_WVc `_bhYcQcm `aVU\_WV^^do b`VgYeY[QgYo U_bc_Z^_Z c_T_5 hc_Rl
V‫_` ݷ‬UUVaWYSQcm7
B_SVaiV^^_ Y^_V UV\_ ‑ bcQ^UQacl7 EQ[cYhVb[Y \oR_Z ‫_ݷ‬eYgYQ\m^_ `aY6
^pclZ‫ ݷ‬bcQ^UQac ‑ nc_ `aY[QXQ^YV SbV]d ]Yad cV`Vam UV\Qcm S_c cQ[5 Q ^V
[Q[6c_ `_6UadT_]d7 5_bcQc_h^_ _hVSYU^_5 hc_ ^Y d [_T_5 ^Y[_TUQ Y ^YTUV ^V ]_6
WVc Rlcm `_\^_]_hYZ `aY[QXlSQcm SbV]d ]Yad D hc_Rl [Q[6c_ XQaVcdiYa_SQcm
nc_ SVbm]Q ^V`aYpc^_V U\p bVRp _Rbc_pcV\mbcS_5 bcQ^UQacYXQc_al Sl^dWUV^l
Yb[Qcm ^V[YV ‫ݷ‬Ybc_h^Y[Y \VTYcY]^_bcY‫ݷ‬7 ;Q[ `aQSY\_5 S a_\Y cQ[_Slf Slbcd6
`Qoc5 S_6`VaSlf5 `_\^_]_hYp5 `_\dhV^^lV _c `aQSYcV\mbcSQ Y\Y UQWV ]^_TYf
`aQSYcV\mbcSD S_6Sc_alf7 \Yh^lZ QSc_aYcVc _cUV\m^lf \Yg5 dhQbcSdojYf S aQX6
aQR_c[V bcQ^UQacQD Y S6caVcmYf5 p[_Rl Y]VojYZ ]Vbc_ dh‫ݷ‬c ]^V^YZ SbVf ‫_ݷ‬b6
^_S^lf‫ ݷ‬XQY^cVaVb_SQ^^lf bc_a_^5 `_U [_c_al]Y S R_\miY^bcSV b\dhQVS `_^Y6
]Qocbp [ad`^lV [_a`_aQgYY7
>VYXRVW^l] b\VUbcSYV] nc_T_ bcQ^_SYcbp _RaQX_SQ^YV cQ[_Z XQ]VhQcV\m6
^_Z bdj^_bcY5 [Q[ [_]YcVc 7 ? c_]5 [Q[ [_]YcVcl ed^[gY_^Yadoc Y [Q[_T_ [QhV6
bcSQ `a_Ud[c SlUQoc ^Q Slf_UV5 b[QXQ^_ Y ^Q`YbQ^_ dWV bc_\m[_5 hc_5 `_WQ\dZ5
[ nc_]d cadU^_ U_RQSYcm hc_6c_ ^_S_V7 ?c]VcY] \Yim ^Vb[_\m[_ U_bcQc_h^_
_hVSYU^lf eQ[c_S7
@aVWUV SbVT_5 [_]YcVc ‑ nc_ SbVTUQ bR_aYjV eQ[cYhVb[Y b\dhQZ^lf \o6
UVZ5 [_c_alV S R_\miY^bcSV b\dhQVS UQWV ^V Rl\Y U_ c_Z `_al UadT b UadT_]
X^Q[_]l7 6bcVbcSV^^_5 [_]YcVc `aY^gY`YQ\m^_ ^V b`_b_RV^ ^Y [ [Q[_]d `_Yb[d
[_^bV^bdbQ Y [_^bcad[cYS^_]d _RbdWUV^Yo7 Hc_Rl `a_cQjYcm hVaVX [_]YcVc
c_ Y\Y Y^_V ^_SiVbcS_5 ^dW^_ c_\m[_ U_bcQc_h^_V [_\YhVbcS_ ^QT\_bcY d c_T_5
[c_ Slbcd`QVc b Y^YgYQcYS_ZD [Q[ `aQSY\_5 _bcQ\m^lV h\V^l [_]YcVcQ