Англо-русский учебный словарь [Э Ли] (fb2) читать постранично, страница - 3
- Англо-русский учебный словарь 6.77 Мб скачать: (fb2) - (исправленную) читать: (полностью) - (постранично) - Э. Ли - Дж. Макиэр - Е. А. М. Уилсон - Э. Уилсон
[Настройки текста] [Cбросить фильтры]
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- . . .
- последняя (626) »
1979).
Замечания и предложения просим направлять в издательство «Русский язык» по адресу: 103012, Москва, Старопанский пер., 1/5.
For the English Vocabulary I have relied throughout on the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English (A. S. Hornby). Later I met Professor Colin Smith; I have made much use of the English side of his English-Spanish Dictionary (Collins) and after 1978 of the English side of the Collins-Robert Dictionary. I was particularly encouraged to find that my own approach to lexicography coincided so closely with that of Professor Colin Smith whom I regard as a pioneer in his approach to modern two-way lexicography. I have also found very helpful Volume I of the Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English (Cowie and Mackin). On the Russian side my first acknowledgement must be to the admirable Dictionary of the Russian Language by Professor S. I. Ozhegov. I have also used largely the mammoth two-volume New English-Russian Dictionary of Professor Galperin and his many colleagues. I have found Professor Marcus Wheeler's lucid Oxford Russian-English Dictionary an invaluable check-back, and very helpful in its admirable layout of grammatical points. For grammar and syntax I have made extensive use of Russian Syntax (Borras and, Christian) and for quick reference I still use the elementary, but lucid and comprehensive New Russian Grammar of Anna H. Semeonoff (first published in 1934!).
1. The user. 2. Coverage (lexis). 3. The language. 4. Illustration. 5. Layout. 6. Order within an entry. 7. Translation of headwords. 8. Grammatical indications. 9. Stylistic and Field labels. 10. Indicators of meaning.
1. Order of the entries. 2. Pronunciation. 3. Use of the tilde. 4. Use of the hyphen, and of the hyphen plus vertical stroke. 5. Use of brackets. 6. Indicating alternatives: the diagonal stroke, the comma, and "or". 7. Grammar: treatment of nouns. 8. Grammar: treatment of verbs. 9. Verbs of motion with two imperfectives. 10. The translation of "it".
1. THE USER This dictionary is primarily a practical one for the student whose approach to the Russian language will be through English, irrespective of whether he lives in Britain, North America or elsewhere. The vocabulary comprises the words which the average educated man might want to use in speaking or writing Russian, including the simple technical terms in common use. The criterion for method has been ease in use, or, in the words of James Murray, "eloquence to the eye". Clutter in the text reduces clarity and adds to eyestrain. For this reason cross-references are avoided as far as possible. Much use is made of clearly marked divisions and the dictionary is well provided with indications of style and shades of meaning, and with occasional grammatical notes and cautions. The student should thus be able to find what he wants easily and quickly, without constant recourse either to his grammar or to a Russian-English dictionary. There is a wealth of illustrative phrases, couched in the language of "everyday" and these should help to give the student the feel of spoken Russian.
2. COVERAGE (LEXIS) The nature of the dictionary has determined the vocabulary. Very full treatment has been given to the few basic words which figure so largely in our daily use — do, get, give, go, make, put, way, etc., as also to prepositions. Special attention is paid to verbs in combination with prepositions or adverbial particles, which are usually translated by Russian verbal prefixes. These are of the first importance to the student. All the commoner senses of the selected English headwords have been covered, but not necessarily rare ones. Thus for instance when a verb is nearly always used in the transitive form, although the intransitive form exists (or vice versa), the rare usage may be ignored. To save space, abstract nouns and adverbs derived directly from adjectives are not given, e.g. tender adj нежный is given, but not tenderness n нежность, nor tenderly adv нежно. In groups of cognate words, such as biological, biologist, biology, one or more of the terms may be omitted. Similarly English words which are translated by direct transliteration into Russian are often omitted, e.g. morgue морг, or nymph нимфа. In such cases it will be easy for the student to form or find these for himself.
3. THE LANGUAGE Emphasis has been given to the spoken language — both everyday colloquial uses and more specialized uses, e.g. the language of the committee man. Many of the examples are given in the second person singular indicating exchanges between friends of the. same age, or colleagues of the same rank, or members of a family. A strong distinction is made between colloquial expressions and slang, the latter being included only if it is well established, partly because it can date so quickly, partly because it is hard to appreciate its exact tone in a foreign language. Translations are as far as possible stylistically matched. Where there is no true equivalent of an English expression such as ghost writer, it has seemed better to omit the term rather than to offer explanations or cumbrous circumlocutions, which the student could equally well form for himself if need arose.
4. ILLUSTRATION Translation by single words seldom enables the student to use these words in a living context. The illustrations are designed to provide such a context. They also show the difference between the two languages in construction and grammar where rules apply. For example, translation of the English predicative adjective does not always in Russian follow directly from the attributive form, e.g. unconnected sentences несвязные фразы, but the two events are quite unconnected эти два события никак не связаны между собой. Illustrations also serve to familiarize the student with Russian word combinations and word order, and with the typical flow and rhythm of the Russian sentence, none of which can be deduced a priori. Though word order in both languages is flexible, varying according to emphasis, nevertheless there are standard patterns of order where the two languages differ, e.g. she walked in her sleep last night сегодня [NB] ночью она ходила во сне. Again the invariable English cadence is supply and demand, but the Russians prefer спрос и предложение.
5. LAYOUT All English words and phrases are printed in bold type. Indicators (of style, meaning, etc.) are printed in italics. Long entries are divided; each division is numbered, begins on a new line and is inset. But short entries which can be taken in at a glance, may contain no divisions, even when these would be justified semantically.
6. ORDER WITHIN AN ENTRY Usually an entry or division starts by giving one or more general translations. Examples then follow grouped around the general translations in the order in which these were' given; then come examples which are not covered by any of the general translations. Within an entry or division, direct uses are given first, followed by specialized, colloquial direct, figurative and then figurative colloquial uses. In big entries figurative uses are often treated in a separate division. Attributive uses of a noun come at the end of the entry or of the appropriate division. The divisions of an entry normally depend on the different shades of meaning in which the English headword is being used, but, exceptionally, divisions may be given over to translations of a single English meaning by particular Russian constructions, if it seems that to do so will make for a clearer understanding by the English learner. Transitive and intransitive uses of a verb are treated separately. In the case of the larger verbs, uses with prepositions or adverbial particles are given separately as headwords in alphabetical order, and they are similarly divided into transitive and intransitive uses.
7. TRANSLATION OF HEADWORDS A number of entries open with a colon and proceed straight to the examples. This happens when no sufficiently general translations of the headword suggest themselves. A translation which only suits one use of the headword is always shown in context: it is misleading to give one-time uses in a
BIBLIOGRAPHY
For the English Vocabulary I have relied throughout on the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English (A. S. Hornby). Later I met Professor Colin Smith; I have made much use of the English side of his English-Spanish Dictionary (Collins) and after 1978 of the English side of the Collins-Robert Dictionary. I was particularly encouraged to find that my own approach to lexicography coincided so closely with that of Professor Colin Smith whom I regard as a pioneer in his approach to modern two-way lexicography. I have also found very helpful Volume I of the Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English (Cowie and Mackin). On the Russian side my first acknowledgement must be to the admirable Dictionary of the Russian Language by Professor S. I. Ozhegov. I have also used largely the mammoth two-volume New English-Russian Dictionary of Professor Galperin and his many colleagues. I have found Professor Marcus Wheeler's lucid Oxford Russian-English Dictionary an invaluable check-back, and very helpful in its admirable layout of grammatical points. For grammar and syntax I have made extensive use of Russian Syntax (Borras and, Christian) and for quick reference I still use the elementary, but lucid and comprehensive New Russian Grammar of Anna H. Semeonoff (first published in 1934!).
Вводные для англоговорящих
INTRODUCTION
1. The user. 2. Coverage (lexis). 3. The language. 4. Illustration. 5. Layout. 6. Order within an entry. 7. Translation of headwords. 8. Grammatical indications. 9. Stylistic and Field labels. 10. Indicators of meaning.
NOTES FOR USERS
1. Order of the entries. 2. Pronunciation. 3. Use of the tilde. 4. Use of the hyphen, and of the hyphen plus vertical stroke. 5. Use of brackets. 6. Indicating alternatives: the diagonal stroke, the comma, and "or". 7. Grammar: treatment of nouns. 8. Grammar: treatment of verbs. 9. Verbs of motion with two imperfectives. 10. The translation of "it".
INTRODUCTION
1. THE USER This dictionary is primarily a practical one for the student whose approach to the Russian language will be through English, irrespective of whether he lives in Britain, North America or elsewhere. The vocabulary comprises the words which the average educated man might want to use in speaking or writing Russian, including the simple technical terms in common use. The criterion for method has been ease in use, or, in the words of James Murray, "eloquence to the eye". Clutter in the text reduces clarity and adds to eyestrain. For this reason cross-references are avoided as far as possible. Much use is made of clearly marked divisions and the dictionary is well provided with indications of style and shades of meaning, and with occasional grammatical notes and cautions. The student should thus be able to find what he wants easily and quickly, without constant recourse either to his grammar or to a Russian-English dictionary. There is a wealth of illustrative phrases, couched in the language of "everyday" and these should help to give the student the feel of spoken Russian.
2. COVERAGE (LEXIS) The nature of the dictionary has determined the vocabulary. Very full treatment has been given to the few basic words which figure so largely in our daily use — do, get, give, go, make, put, way, etc., as also to prepositions. Special attention is paid to verbs in combination with prepositions or adverbial particles, which are usually translated by Russian verbal prefixes. These are of the first importance to the student. All the commoner senses of the selected English headwords have been covered, but not necessarily rare ones. Thus for instance when a verb is nearly always used in the transitive form, although the intransitive form exists (or vice versa), the rare usage may be ignored. To save space, abstract nouns and adverbs derived directly from adjectives are not given, e.g. tender adj нежный is given, but not tenderness n нежность, nor tenderly adv нежно. In groups of cognate words, such as biological, biologist, biology, one or more of the terms may be omitted. Similarly English words which are translated by direct transliteration into Russian are often omitted, e.g. morgue морг, or nymph нимфа. In such cases it will be easy for the student to form or find these for himself.
3. THE LANGUAGE Emphasis has been given to the spoken language — both everyday colloquial uses and more specialized uses, e.g. the language of the committee man. Many of the examples are given in the second person singular indicating exchanges between friends of the. same age, or colleagues of the same rank, or members of a family. A strong distinction is made between colloquial expressions and slang, the latter being included only if it is well established, partly because it can date so quickly, partly because it is hard to appreciate its exact tone in a foreign language. Translations are as far as possible stylistically matched. Where there is no true equivalent of an English expression such as ghost writer, it has seemed better to omit the term rather than to offer explanations or cumbrous circumlocutions, which the student could equally well form for himself if need arose.
4. ILLUSTRATION Translation by single words seldom enables the student to use these words in a living context. The illustrations are designed to provide such a context. They also show the difference between the two languages in construction and grammar where rules apply. For example, translation of the English predicative adjective does not always in Russian follow directly from the attributive form, e.g. unconnected sentences несвязные фразы, but the two events are quite unconnected эти два события никак не связаны между собой. Illustrations also serve to familiarize the student with Russian word combinations and word order, and with the typical flow and rhythm of the Russian sentence, none of which can be deduced a priori. Though word order in both languages is flexible, varying according to emphasis, nevertheless there are standard patterns of order where the two languages differ, e.g. she walked in her sleep last night сегодня [NB] ночью она ходила во сне. Again the invariable English cadence is supply and demand, but the Russians prefer спрос и предложение.
5. LAYOUT All English words and phrases are printed in bold type. Indicators (of style, meaning, etc.) are printed in italics. Long entries are divided; each division is numbered, begins on a new line and is inset. But short entries which can be taken in at a glance, may contain no divisions, even when these would be justified semantically.
6. ORDER WITHIN AN ENTRY Usually an entry or division starts by giving one or more general translations. Examples then follow grouped around the general translations in the order in which these were' given; then come examples which are not covered by any of the general translations. Within an entry or division, direct uses are given first, followed by specialized, colloquial direct, figurative and then figurative colloquial uses. In big entries figurative uses are often treated in a separate division. Attributive uses of a noun come at the end of the entry or of the appropriate division. The divisions of an entry normally depend on the different shades of meaning in which the English headword is being used, but, exceptionally, divisions may be given over to translations of a single English meaning by particular Russian constructions, if it seems that to do so will make for a clearer understanding by the English learner. Transitive and intransitive uses of a verb are treated separately. In the case of the larger verbs, uses with prepositions or adverbial particles are given separately as headwords in alphabetical order, and they are similarly divided into transitive and intransitive uses.
7. TRANSLATION OF HEADWORDS A number of entries open with a colon and proceed straight to the examples. This happens when no sufficiently general translations of the headword suggest themselves. A translation which only suits one use of the headword is always shown in context: it is misleading to give one-time uses in a
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- . . .
- последняя (626) »
Последние комментарии
18 минут 22 секунд назад
23 минут 6 секунд назад
34 минут 29 секунд назад
47 минут 35 секунд назад
1 час 14 минут назад
1 час 20 минут назад