Программирование: введение в профессию [Андрей Викторович Столяров] (pdf) читать постранично, страница - 4

Книга в формате pdf! Изображения и текст могут не отображаться!


 [Настройки текста]  [Cбросить фильтры]

‫_ݷ‬U_R6
apc‫ ݷ‬V‫` ݷ‬a_bc_ `_c_]d5 hc_ Y] SbV] _[QWVcbp \V^m Slbcd`Qcm `a_cYS5 b`_aYcm5
`aYS_UYcm QaTd]V^cl5 `aY\QTQcm _jdcY]lV dbY\Yp7 9^_TUQ 1S__RjV6c_ [aQZ^V
aVU[_2 S [_]YcVcV _[QXlSQVcbp b`VgYQ\Ybc5 `_^Y]QojYZ5 [ [Q[Y] `QTdR^l] `_6
b\VUbcSYp] SVUdc `aVU\QTQV]lV ^_SiVbcSQ5 Y T_c_SlZ caQcYcm bY\l Y SaV]p ^Q
_Rkpb^V^Yp _bcQ\m^l] h\V^Q] [_]YcVcQ5 `_hV]d UQ^^_V [_^[aVc^_V ^_SiVbcS_
^V U_\W^_ `aY^Y]QcmbpD cQ[_T_ ^_^[_^e_a]YbcQ _bcQ\m^lV h\V^l [_]YcVcQ
`aQ[cYhVb[Y SbVTUQ S_b`aY^Y]Qoc [Q[ U_bQU^_V ^VU_aQXd]V^YV5 YX6XQ [_c_a_T_
`aYf_UYcbp cVapcm SaV]p7
3QW^_ cQ[WV `_^Y]Qcm5 hc_ `aVUbcQSYcV\Y aQX^__RaQX^lf _aTQ^YXQgYZ5
_c[_]Q^UYa_SQ^^lV S [_]YcVc ‑ nc_ `aQ[cYhVb[Y SbVTUQ b_cadU^Y[Y Sc_a_T_
b_acQ5 `_b[_\m[d b_cadU^Y[_S `VaS_T_ b_acQ5 VbcVbcSV^^_5 ^Y[c_ ^V _c`dbcYc S
[Q[_Z6c_ cQ] [_]YcVc5 U\p ^Yf SbVTUQ Vbcm aQR_cQ S bQ]_Z _aTQ^YXQgYY7 6b6
\Y S [_]YcVc `aYT\QiQoc bVam‫ݷ‬X^_T_ 1[Q[ `aQSY\_5 YXSVbc^_T_ S b__RjVbcSV2
b`VgYQ\YbcQ5 c_5 [Q[ `aQSY\_5 Yb[\ohYcV\m^_ S a_\Y ‫ݷ‬bSQUVR^_T_ TV^VaQ\Q‫ݷ‬5
`_b[_\m[d S \oR_Z Y^_Z a_\Y cQ[_Z hV\_SV[ UVpcV\m^_bcm [_]YcVcQ ^QhYbc_
`QaQ\YXdVc7 B UadT_Z bc_a_^l5 XQSVU_]Qp b[\_^^_bcm \oRlf [_]YcVc_S [ `_`d6
bcYcV\mbcSd `_XS_\pVc `aVUbcQSYcV\p] _cUV\m^lf [_]]VahVb[Yf [_]`Q^YZ Yb6
`_\mX_SQcm bcQ^UQacl S bS_Yf Y^cVaVbQf ‑ ^Q`aY]Va5 U\p dbcaQ^V^Yp b al^[Q
^VXQSYbY]lf aQXaQR_chY[_S7 3 gV\_] [_]YcVcl \oR_T_ a_UQ ‑ nc_ SbVTUQ 1RVX
Yb[\ohV^YZ2 pS\V^YV SaVU_^_b^_V5 ^Y[Q[_Z `_\mXl Y ^Y[Q[_T_ [_^bcad[cYSQ
_^Y `_a_UYcm ^V ]_Tdc `a_bc_ S bY\d bS_VT_ dbca_ZbcSQ7
@aY]Va_] dUQh^lf b`VgYeY[QgYZ ]_W^_ bhYcQcm aQ^^YV SVabYY b_T\QiV6
^YZ5 ^Q [_c_alf _b^_SQ^ 9^cVa^Vc7 5_[d]V^cl bVaYY [OL5 ^Q`YbQ^^lV S n`_fd
bcQ^_S\V^Yp BVcY5 `aVUbcQS\poc b_R_Z _RaQXVg `a_bc_cl5 `_^pc^_bcY Y \_TYh6

‫= ݷ‬7;7 @VaSlV S`VhQc\V^Yp

:>

^_bcY7 AQXd]VVcbp5 ^Y[Q[YV [_]YcVcl [ Yf b_XUQ^Yo ^V `aYhQbc^lD X^QhYcV\m6
^do hQbcm ncYf b`VgYeY[QgYZ b_XUQ\ VUY^_\Yh^_ :_^ @_bcV\7 DSl5 XQ\_WV^^lV
Y] caQUYgYY _[QXQ\Ybm S_ ]^_T_] aQXadiV^l `_b\V VT_ b]VacY S :BBA T_UdD b_6
SaV]V^^lV [OL 1]^_TYV YX [_c_alf b_XUQ^l ‫ݷ‬aQR_hY]Y Tad``Q]Y‫ݷ‬5 c_ Vbcm5 `_
bdcY5 cV]Y WV [_]YcVcQ]Y2 hQbc_ `_`a_bcd ^VS_X]_W^_ hYcQcm7
3aVU_^_b^Qp bdj^_bcm [_]YcVcb[Yf `_UV\YZ _b_RV^^_ _ch‫ݷ‬c\YS_ SYU^Q S _R6
\QbcY pXl[_S `a_TaQ]]Ya_SQ^Yp7 =l dWV d`_]Y^Q\Y ‫ݷ‬bcQ^UQac^lZ @Qb[Q\m‫ݷ‬5
[_c_alZ ^V Y]VVc ^YhVT_ _RjVT_ b aVQ\m^_bcmo Y ^YTUV ^Y[_TUQ ^V SbcaVhQVcbp7
Nc_c bcQ^UQac5 [ bhQbcmo5 ^V ]ViQVc `a_TaQ]]YbcQ] Yb`_\mX_SQcm @Qb[Q\m ‑
^Q `aQ[cY[V bcQ^UQac `a_bc_ YT^_aYadVcbp7
=V^miV SbVT_ `_SVX\_ S nc_] `\Q^V pXl[d BY44C b `aY^pcYV] `VaS_T_ WV
bcQ^UQacQ nc_c ^V[_TUQ d^Y[Q\m^lZ `_ bS_Y] bS_ZbcSQ] pXl[ _[QXQ\bp eQ[cYhV6
b[Y d^Yhc_WV^5 `aVSaQcYSiYbm S XQdapU^lZ pXl[ Slb_[_T_ da_S^p7 5_SVaiY\Y
UV\_ `aY^pclV `_UapU S ;9::5 ;9:=5 ;9:@ Y ;9;9 TT7 Vj‫ ݷ‬R_\VV YXSaQj‫^^ݷ‬lV
SVabYY bcQ^UQac_S5 b dh‫ݷ‬c_] [_c_alf `_\dhV^^lZ ^Q Slf_UV ]_^bca ^VWYX^V6
b`_b_RV^ Y ^V`aYT_UV^ ^V c_\m[_ [ Yb`_\mX_SQ^Yo5 ^_ Y [ YXdhV^Yo7 3 _U^_Z YX
b\VUdojYf hQbcVZ ^QiVZ [^YTY ]l aQbb]_caY] BY445 ^_ `aVU]Vc_] ^QiVT_
YXdhV^Yp bcQ^Vc VT_ dbVh‫_^^ݷ‬V `_U]^_WVbcS_5 S [_c_a_V S[\ohV^l c_\m[_ baVU6
bcSQ5 bdjVbcS_SQSiYV U_ `aY^pcYp `VaS_T_ bcQ^UQacQ5 Y UQWV ncY baVUbcSQ ]l
RdUV] aQbb]QcaYSQcm ^V SbV7
B hYbcl] BY bYcdQgYp ^Vb[_\m[_ \dhiV ‑ S_ Sbp[_] b\dhQV5 pXl[ `_6
[Q ^V dcaQcY\ WYX^Vb`_b_R^_bcY5 ^Vb]_cap ^Q SbV dbY\Yp bcQ^UQacYXQc_a_S7
CV] ^V ]V^VV5 cQ[YV _UY_X^lV S_X]_W^_bcY5 [Q[ ]QbbYSl `VaV]V^^_Z U\Y^l
1b]7 XQ]VhQ^YV ^Q bca7 A>25 [_]`\V[b^lV hYb\Q5 bca_[Y YX ]^_T_RQZc^lf bY]6
S_\_S Y c_]d `_U_R^_V ^Yhdcm ^V UV\Qoc pXl[ \dhiVC Yb`_\mX_SQcm ncY S_X6
]_W^_bcY ^VU_`dbcY]_ S bY\d ]Qbbl aQX\Yh^lf `aYhY^5 ^_ ^Q\YhYV Yf S pXl[V
Sl^dWUQVc aQXd]^lf \oUVZ caQcYcm UaQT_gV^^_V SaV]p ^Q _Rkpb^V^YV UadTY]
`aYhY^ nc_Z ^VU_`dbcY]_bcY5 `aYh‫_ ]ݷ‬Rkpb^V^Yp hQbc_ ^V U_bcYTQoc gV\Y7
CQ[ Y\Y Y^QhV5 \oR_Z [_]`Y\pc_a `_XS_\pVc _c[\ohYcm S_X]_W^_bcY5 `aY6
iVUiYV YX ^V\V`lf bcQ^UQac_S5 Y `YbQcm ^Q c_] pXl[V BY5 [_c_alZ bdjVbcS_6
SQ\ U_ c_T_5 [Q[ XQ ^VT_ SbVam‫ݷ‬X `aY^p\Ybm bcQ^UQacYXQc_al7 9]V^^_ cQ[ ]l Y
^Q]VaV^l `_bcd`Ycm7

=7;7 @VaSlV S`VhQc\V^Yp
@aVWUV hV] `aYbcd`Ycm [ aQbb]_caV^Yo `aY]Va_S5 bUV\QV] `Qad
SQW^lf XQ]VhQ^YZ7 @aY aQR_cV ^Q @Qb[Q\V ]l ]_T\Y `aYSl[^dcm [
c_]d5 hc_ [_]`Y\pc_a YT^_aYadVc aQX\YhYV ]VWUd SVaf^Y] Y ^YW6
^Y] aVTYbca_]7 5\p pXl[Q BY nc_ ^V cQ[C [\ohVSlV b\_SQ _RpXQcV\m6
^_ XQ`YblSQocbp S ^YW^V] aVTYbcaV5 Q5 [ `aY]Vad5 b\_SQ G?B43?E>D5
`?B4L?E>D5 `X[MLX^W] Y `?[4L?^>] ‑ nc_ hVclaV aQX^lf YUV^cYeY6
[Qc_aQ7 CaQUYgYY pXl[Q BY `aVU`YblSQoc Yb`_\mX_SQ^YV YUV^cYeY6
[Qc_a_S5 XQ`YbQ^^lf gV\Y[_] S ^YW^V] aVTYbcaVD Vb\Y Y]p b_bc_Yc
YX ^Vb[_\m[Yf b\_S5 Yf aQXUV\poc `_Uh‫ݷ‬a[YSQ^Yp]Y5 ^Q`aY]Va5 cQ[C
G?B4h3?E>D7 9X nc_T_ `aQSY\Q Vbcm _U^_ Yb[\ohV^YV5 U_ [_c_a_T_ ]l
b_ SaV]V^V] U_RVa‫]ݷ‬bp7

:?

@a_TaQ]]Ya_SQ^YV ^Q pXl[V BY

9 Vj‫_ ݷ‬U^_7 5\p XQ`YbY [_]]V^cQaYVS S BY Yb`_\mXdocbp [_]6
RY^QgYY ‫ݷ‬83‫ ݷ‬1^QhQ\_ [_]]V^cQaYp2 Y ‫ݷ‬38‫ ݷ‬1[_^Vg [_]]V^cQaYp25 `aY6
h‫ ]ݷ‬S\_WV^^lV [_]]V^cQaYY [_]`Y\pc_a ^V `_^Y]QVcC Vb\Y
[_]]V^cQaYZ dWV ^QhQ\bp5 [_]`Y\pc_a T_c_S _RaQcYcm S^Y]Q^YV c_\m6
[_ ^Q ‫ݷ‬38‫ݷ‬5 Q ‫ݷ‬83‫ ݷ‬YT^_aYadVc5 [Q[ Y Sb‫_ ݷ‬bcQ\m^_V7 ;Q[ b\VUbcSYV5
[_]]V^cQaYY BY ^V\mXp Yb`_\mX_SQcm U\p SaV]V^^_T_ Yb[\ohV^Yp YX
[_]`Y\pgYY [db[_S [_UQD U\p nc_T_ b\VUdVc `_\mX_SQcmbp UYaV[cYSQ]Y
db\_S^_Z [_]`Y\pgYY5 _ [_c_alf `_ZU‫ݷ‬c aVhm S T\QSV _ `aV`a_gVbb_aV
1b]7 ‫=ݷ‬7?7?27
B_SaV]V^^lV [_]`Y\pc_al `_UUVaWYSQoc cQ[WV ‫ݷ‬bca_h^lV‫]]_[ ݷ‬V^cQaYY5
^QhY^QojYVbp b USdf b\niVZ ‫ݷ‬88‫ ݷ‬Y XQ[Q^hYSQojYVbp `VaVS_U_] bca_[Y7 Nc_c
bcY\m [_]]V^cQaYVS fQaQ[cVaV^ U\p pXl[Q BY44 1Y]V^^_ cQ] cQ[YV [_]]V^cQ6
aYY YX^QhQ\m^_ `_pSY\Ybm2D Yb`_\mX_SQ^YV Yf S hYbc_] BY hQbc_ aQbb]QcaYSQ6
Vcbp [Q[ Uda^_Z c_^7

=7;7:7 @a_TaQ]]Q ‫ݷ‬Q55 c_ Vbcm ‫\\_[ݷ‬V[gYp [_]`Y\pc_a_S P>E‫ݷ‬D [_]`Y6
\pc_a d]VVc _RaQRQclSQcm `a_TaQ]]l ^V c_\m[_ ^Q BY5 ^_ Y ^Q pXl[V
BY445 Q `aY Yb`_\mX_SQ^YY U_`_\^V^YZ5 cQ[ ^QXlSQV]lf ea_^c6n^U_S5
c_c WV [_]`Y\pc_a ]_W^_ `aY]V^Ycm U\p X2:53D9F56L5 E_acaQ^Q5 1Ul
Y ]^_TYf UadTYf pXl[_S7
3 bYbcV]Qf bV]VZbcSQ ^>9H U_bcd`^_ ]^_T_ aQX^lf [_]`Y\pc_a_S BY5 Y S_X6
]_W^_ UQWV5 hc_ 733 YX ^Yf bVZhQb ^V bQ]lZ \dhiYZD ^Q ]_]V^c ^Q`YbQ^Yp
nc_T_ cV[bcQ 733 Rl\ `a_bc_ ^QYR_\VV aQb`a_bcaQ^‫^^ݷ‬l] SQaYQ^c_]7 6b\Y _hV^m
\oR_`lc^_5 `_`a_RdZcV bQ]_bc_pcV\m^_ _bS_Ycm [_]`Y\pc_a 377

BaQXd WV _c]VcY]5 hc_ [_]`Y\pc_a 733 `_UUVaWYSQVc ]^_WVbcS_
aQX^__RaQX^lf e\QW[_S [_]Q^U^_Z bca_[Y5 YX [_c_alf ^Q] `_caVRd6
ocbp `_ ]V^miVZ ]VaV USQC 6`1_ nc_ ^V ^Qi b\dhQZC ]l `_\mXdV]bp [_]`Y\pc_a_] [Q[ Y^bcad]V^c_]
`a_TaQ]]YbcQ7
6j‫_ ݷ‬UY^ `_\VX^lZ e\QT5 6?5 `_XS_\pVc XQUQcm Y]p eQZ\Q5 S [_c_6
alZ RdUVc XQ`YbQ^ aVXd\mcQc [_]`Y\pgYY7 6b\Y nc_c e\QW_[ ^V d[Q6
XQcm5 Yc_T_SlZ Yb`_\^pV]lZ eQZ\ RdUVc Y]Vcm Y]p 17?ED5 hc_ ^V SbV6
TUQ dU_R^_7 ;Q[ ]l `_]^Y]5 _Rlh^_ Yb`_\^pV]lV eQZ\l S ?B ^>9H
^V Y]Voc bdeeY[bQ7 9]V^^_ cQ[ ]l `_bcd`Y] Y bVZhQb ‑ _c`aQSY]
aVXd\mcQc [_]`Y\pgYY S eQZ\ 855 c_ Vbcm ‫[ݷ‬SQUaQc^_V daQS^V^YV‫ݷ‬2 Y `YiV] U\p
^QhQ\Q b\VUdojYV USV bca_[YC
39>33D

8UVbm ]_W^_ XQ]VcYcm5 hc_ ]l ^V]^_T_ bn[_^_]Y\Y5 d[QXQS cY` _UY^
aQX Y `VaVhYb\YS Y]V^Q `VaV]V^^lf hVaVX XQ`pcdo7 3 _`YbQ^YY `VaV6
]V^^lf cQ[ UV\Qcm ]_W^_5 Q S_c S XQT_\_S[V ed^[gYY5 [ b_WQ\V^Yo5
^V\mXp5 c_ Vbcm ]l ^V b]_T\Y Rl U_RYcmbp Q^Q\_TYh^_Z n[_^_]YY5 ^Q6
`aY]Va5 S XQT_\_S[V ed^[gYY 49C3B9=7 6b\Y Rl ]l ^Q`YbQ\Y hc_6c_
Sa_UV 4?E2Qh^‫ ]ݷ‬b_ Sc_a_T_7 ;Q[ dWV T_S_aY\_bm5 ed^[gYp

‫= ݷ‬7;7 @VaSlV S`VhQc\V^Yp

;@

@B9>D6 d]VVc `VhQcQcm ^V c_\m[_ bca_[Y5 ^_ Y X^QhV^Yp \oRlf Sbca_6
V^^lf cY`_S7 AQ^VV ]l Yb`_\mX_SQ\Y V‫ ݷ‬b _U^Y] `QaQ]Vca_] 1bca_[_Z25
^_ ^Q bQ]_] UV\V `QaQ]Vca_S d ^V‫_] ݷ‬WVc Rlcm b[_\m[_ dT_U^_5 `aY6
h‫` ]ݷ‬VaSl] `QaQ]Vca_] S ncd ed^[gYo `VaVUQ‫ݷ‬cbp cQ[ ^QXlSQV]Qp
e_a]Qc^Qp bca_[Q5 [_c_aQp XQUQ‫ݷ‬c ^V[YZ ^VYX]V^^lZ iQR\_^ c_6
T_5 hc_ U_\W^_ Rlcm ^Q`VhQcQ^_5 Q U_`_\^YcV\m^lV `QaQ]Vcal5 Vb\Y
_^Y Vbcm5 XQUQoc c_5 hc_ _c b\dhQp [ b\dhQo ]_WVc YX]V^Ycmbp7 Ed^[6
gYp @B9>D6 `a_b]QcaYSQVc bS_o e_a]Qc^do bca_[d b\VSQ ^Q`aQS_ `_
_U^_]d bY]S_\d5 Y Vb\Y _hVaVU^_Z bY]S_\ ‑ ^V ‫ݷ‬5‫ݷ‬5 c_ ed^[gYp cQ[_Z
bY]S_\ `a_bc_ `VhQcQVc7 6b\Y S e_a]Qc^_Z bca_[V cQ[ Y ^V SbcaVcY\_bm
^Y _U^_T_ ‫`ݷ‬a_gV^cQ‫ݷ‬5 c_ Sbp ncQ bca_[Q RdUVc `_`a_bcd ^Q`VhQcQ^Q [Q[
Vbcm5 hV] ]l Y S_b`_\mX_SQ\Ybm S `a_TaQ]]V ‫ݷ‬Q57 fl?1D5 c_ Vbcm ‫ݷ‬U\Y^^_V b `\QSQojVZ c_h[_Z‫ݷ‬D `_hV]d nc_ cQ[5 ]l