Школа радиолюбителя [Геннадий Семёнович Гендин] (pdf) читать онлайн

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2003

66K 74.200.585.01
Y,D,K 087.5

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WKona pap,111omo6111rens:i. - M.: "1n PaA1110Cocpr, 2003.-208 c.:

111n.

ISBN 5-93037-113-X
3ro eropaSI KHlllra 1113 cep1111111113A9HlllVI, SApecoaaHHblX HaY111Ha10~eMy paAlllOnio6111ren10 e KaYecree yYe6Ho-npaKT111YecKoro noco6111S1.
B sroVI KH111re Ha 6onee cepbe3HOM ypoeHe npoAOmKeHo 3HaKOMcreo c pa311111YHb1M111 CX0M8Mlll Ha nonynpoBOAHlllKOBOlll Ill paAlllOBSKYYMHOlll 6a3e, OCHOl3aMlll
3BYKOT0XHlllKl.1, sneKrpo- 111 paA11101113MepeH111S1M111. "13no:>KeH111e conpoem1KeHvtsi BXOAHOro 111 rerepoAvtHHoro
KOHTYPOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
npaKTVIKa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55

55
63

66

3AH~TlllE n~TOE

70
70
70
79
87

3AH~TlllE

91
91

...............................................
Teopvtsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
YpoK 1 . Pa6ora 11aMnosoro KacKap,a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
YpoK 2. BvtAbl pap,111orexHvt'"lecK111x cxeM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
npaKTvtKa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

WECTOE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Teop111si . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
YpoK 1. BBeAeHvte B no11ynpoBoAHVIKOBY10 rexHvtKY . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
YpoK 2. 3HaKOMCTBO c reHeparopaMvt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
npaKTvtKa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3AH~TlllE

CE,lJ,bMOE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Teopvtsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
YpOK 1. no11ynpOBOAHVIKOBbl8 AVIOAbl pa311Vl'"IHOro Ha3Ha'-18HV1Sl . . . .
YpoK 2. Cocras11sieM no11Hy10 npvtHl...\vtn111a11bHYIO cxeMy
cyneprerepoAvtHa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

91

98
102

104
104
104
113

3

3AH~Tl11E

BOCbMOE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Teop111fl . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
YpoK 1. YcTpot1cTBO 111 np111Hu,111n pa60Tbl TpaHa111cTOpa . . . . . . . . . . . .
YpoK 2. ,D,ocTOlllHCTBa 111 HeAOCTaTKlil cyneprernpoAlllHHoro
MeTOAa np111eMa • . . . . . • • . . . . • . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .

3AH~Tl11E ,D,EB~TOE

....... ............................... .......
Teop111fl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • • . . . • . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . .
YpoK 1. npaKT111YecK111e cxeMbl Ha TpaH3111CTopax . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . .
YpoK 2. reHepaTOpbt C"1HYCOlllA8flbHblX Ill lllMnyllbCHblX
ClllfHaJlOB , • . • . . . . . . . • . . . • . . • • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • .
npaKTlllKa ...............••.••...•......•....... , . • . . . . . . . . • .

3AH~Tl11E ,D,EC~TOE.

•. . .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. .
Teop1-1fl . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
YpoK 1. YcTpot1cTBO 111 pa6oTa rnp1-1cTOpos. 3HaKOMCTBO
c MlllKpocxeMot1 . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . • • . . . . . .
YpoK 2. BlllAbl 111cKIDKeH111t1 c111rHa11os . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . • • • • .
Pa6ol.fee MecTo . . . . . • . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . •

3AH~rnE

O,D,111HHA,D,LJ,ATOE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Teop111fl . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
YpoK 1. MexaH111YecKafl 111 om111YecKafl aan1-1cb/socnpo1-1aseAeH111e
3BYK8 . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .
YpoK 2. Koe-1.fTO 06 sneKTpoaKycrnKe . . . . . . . . • . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . .
Pa6ol.fee MecTo . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . .

122
122
122
132
137

137
137
142
150
156

156
156
167
170
173
173
173

179
187

3AH$1Tl11E ,D,BEHA,D,LJ,ATOE. . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Teop111fl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . .
YpoK 1. MarH"1THafl asyKoaan1-1cb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
YpoK 2. 06w,afl MeTOAlllKa sneKTpo- 111 paA1-101-1aMepeH1-1t1 . . . . . . . . . .
npaKTlllKa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

190

203

nll1TEPATYPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

206

190
190
196

flPEA~lCJ\ OB~lE
«WKOJla pa,D,1'10J1106111Tem1» - 3TO BTopasi YaCTb cepl'11'1 1'13 Tpex KH1'1f l'1 npe.o,cTaBJlSleT
co6oH caMOYYl'1TeJlb no paA1'10T0XHl'1Ke, npeAHa3HaYeHHblH MOJlOAblM JllOASIM, peWl'1BWl'1M npl'1o6UJ,lllTbCSI K HeKor.o.a orpoMHOH apMllllll pa,D,1'10J1106111Te11eH.
Cero.o,Hsi, HecMoTpsi Ha He6b1eanoe 1'13061'1Jll'1e 6b1ToeoH pa.n,l'1oannaparypb1 npoMb1wneHHoro npOlll3BOACTBa Ill ee OTHOClllTellbHYfO AOCTYnHOCTb, Ha611t0.o,aeTCSI onpe.o,eJleHHOe noBblWeHllle lllHTepeca K TOMy, YTO np1'1HSITO Ha3blBaTb pa,D,l'10Jll061'1TeJlbCTBOM,
T. e. K npou,eccy caMo.o,esiTeJlbHOrO TBOpYeCTBa B o6naCTSIX TeJleB1'1AeHl'1SI, MarHl'1THOH
3an111c111 3ByKa Ill 111306pIDKeHlllSI, BblCOKOKaYeCTBeHHOro 3BYKOBOCnp01!13Be.O,eHl'1SI.
803po~eH111t0 pa.n,111ont06111TeJlbCKoro .o,e111>KeH111S1 e 3HaYlllTeJlbHOH Mepe cnoco6cTeyeT B03MO>KHOCTb np11106peTeHlllSI npaKTlllYeCKlll 11t06blX KOMnJleKTytOUJ,lllX 1'13Ae111'1H "1-MaTep111anoe AflSI caMOCTOSITellbHOfO TBOpYeCTBa, w111poYaHWlllH Bbl6op 1'13MeplllTe11bHOVl
annaparypbl, a TaK>Ke TeXHlllYeCKOH 11111Teparypbl no eceM OTpaCllSIM pa,D,lllOTeXHlllKlll.
0.o,HaKo e TeXHlllY0CKOH 11111Teparype cero.o,Hsi npeo6na.n.aeT cnpaBOLIHOe Hanpae11eHl'1e, Tor.a.a KaK TeopernYeCKllle eonpOCbl Ill npo611eMbl 60JlbWe OCBeUJ,atOTCSI Ha ypOBHe
¢>YH.O,aM0HTaJlbHblX HayYHblX lllCCJleAOBaHlllH. l.fTo >Ke KacaeTCSI 1113,D,aHlllVl lllCKlllOYlllTellbHO
nony11sipHoV! «MaccosoVI pa.n,111061116n1110TeK111» (MP6), To ee KHl'1rn "' 6powt0pb1 npel'1MyUJ,eCTeeHHO nocesiUJ,at0TCS1 on111caH111t0 KOHKpeTHblX pa.o,111ont06111TenbCK111x KOHCTPYKU.1'11i'1
11111111 npeACTaB11SllOT co6oli'1 Te >Ke cnpaBOYHlllKlll.
Ha 3TOM KHlll>KHOM none cerO.O,HSI SIBHO OUJ,yUJ,aeTCSI .o.eQ>111U,1'1T JllllTeparypbl yYe6Horo
xapaKTepa AflSI no.o,roTOBK"1 "1 CTaHOB110HlllSI pa,D,lllOJlt06111Tel1S1-KOHCTpyKTopa, np111YeM
11111Teparypbl ClllCTeMHO!i'1, nplll3BaHHO!i'1 npoeecrn 'illlTaTeJlSI, npe111MyUJ,eCTB0HHO IOHOro,
OT a30B 311eKTpO- Ill pa,D,lllOT0XHlllKlll AO YPOBHSI, OTBe'iatOUJ,ero cerOAHSIWHlllM Tpe6oeaHlllSIM K cneu,111an111cTaM 06UJ,ero npo¢>11111S1, pa6oTatOUJ,lllM B MHOrOYlllCJleHHblX o6naCTSIX paAlllOT0XHlllKlll.
"13.o,aTenbCTBO «Pa.n,1110Co¢>T» .o,e11aeT nonblTKy 3ano11H111Tb STY HHwy.
KH111rn 3Toli'1 cep111111 npe.o,crae11sit0T co6oH Tp111 sTana 06yYeH111si. nepeasi, y>Ke eb1we.o.wasi B ceeT KHll!ra, «A36YKa pa.n,111ont06111T0J1SI», HaYll!HaeTCSI c caMblX a30B Ill nOABOA1'1T
YlllTaTe11SI K nOHlllMaHllllO OCHOBHblX npou,eccoe, CBSl3aHHblX c nepeAaYeV!, pacnpocTpaH0Hlll0M Ill npHeMOM pa,D,"10ClllrHa110B, a TaK>Ke Ha3Ha'ieHllleM, ¢>YHKU,1'1SIMlll l'1 oco6eHHOCTSIM"1 ecex cxeMHblX KOMnOHeHTOB, COCTaBJlSllOUJ,lllX Kllacc nacCHBHblX PaAH03neMeHTOB.
:3Ta BTopasi KH111ra 3HaKOMlllT YlllTaTellSI c np111Hu,111noM pa60Tbl Ill ¢>11131'1KOVI npoueccos
K11acca aKTHBHblX pa,qHoaneMeHTOB - s11eKTpoeaKyyMHblX 111 ra3opa3psi.o,HblX npl'16opoe,
TpaH3111CTopoe 111 M111KpocxeM, a TaK>Ke c pa6oTOH y311oe (KacKa.n,oe) pa.n,1'1oannaparypbc,
111cno11b3YIOUJ,"1X aKTlllBHble 3JleMeHTbl.
no Mepe OCBOeHlllSI 3TOfO TeopernYeCKOfO MaTep111ana YlllTaTeJltO 6YAYT npe.o.naraTbCSI 111 nocrnneHHO ycno>KHS1t0UJ,l'1ecsi KOHCTPYKU.1'1111 .o.nsi caMOCTOS1Te11bHOro 1'13roToeneHl'1SI.
CTpyKTypa 111 nocTpoeHHe BTOpoli'1 KHlllrn e OCHOBHOM noeTOpsieT CTPYKTYPY «A36yK111
pa.n,111011t06111TeJ1S1». 6011bWaSI 'iaCTb 3aHSITlll!i'1 COCT0"1T 1113 Tpex caMOCTOSITellbHblX pa3.o,eJlOB: TeopernYeCKOH Yacrn, o60PYAOBaHlllSI pa6oyero MecTa Ill npaKrn'ieCKOVI pa60Tbl.
0CHOBHOe OT11111Ylll0 «WKOJlbl» OT «A36yK"1» COCTOl'1T B 6011ee rny60KOM l'1 CTporoM 1113110>KeHllli.1 Teop111111, nOBblWeHHOH CJlO>KHOCTlll KOHCTpyKU,lllH, npe.o.naraeMblX AflSI co6CTBeHHoro 1'13fOTOB110Hl'1SI, Ill 111cno11b30BaHllllO pa3J1111YHOH 1113Mep111TeJlbHO!i'1 annaparypbl npl'1
peryJ11'1POBKe l'1 HaJ1IDKl'1Bal11'11'1 3TlllX KOHCTPYKU,1'1H.
no 3aMb1cny aeTOpa "' 1113,1J,aTe11si Yl'1TaTe11b, .o,o6pocoeecTHO npowe.o,wl'1H o6a Kypca
l'1 c.o.aewl'1VI BblnYCKHOH 3K3aMeH-TeCT, no ypoeHtO 3HaHl'1H 111 npaKTl'1Y0CKl'1M HaBblKaM He
6yAeT ycrynaTb BblnyCKHlllKBM pa,D,lllOT0XH"1Y0CKlllX TeXHl'1K}'MOB l'1 npo¢>Texy'il'1J11'1UJ,.

5

JJ.\l-Uff~IE

flEPBOE

TeopMH
Ha npoTsn1KAY TeM caM cpaKT yeeJllll'·leHlllS1 BblXOAHOro c111rna11a OTHOClllTellbHO BXOAHOI u
nplllCYl!l He TOllbKO aKTlllBHb/M u.enRM: TBKlllM >Ke CBOillCTBOM 0611a,o,at0T lo1 nOBblWBIOl!llo1e

6

rpaHccf>opMaTopb1 111 pe3oHaHCHble KOH'fYpb1 Ha YacToTe pe3oHaHca, KOT0pb1e np111 eceM
>1opMaTOpa K TOMY :>Ke cnpaBeAJllllBO YTBeP>KAeH111e, YTO « ... c111rHa11
npOXOAlllT yepe3 Hero ...
KaK BlllAlllM, np111eeAeHHOe oct>111u111a11bHOe onpeAe1leH111e oYeHb TPYAHO np1113HBTb OAH03HaYHblM, 111cKHO nonblTBTbCSI 111cno11b30BaTb
APYroiil Kp111Tep111iil, cpaeH111easi BblXOAHOiil 111 BXOAHOiil c111rHa11b1 He no 111x ee11111KeM, no MOUJ,HOCTlll.

A 3aOAHO

orpaHlll'llllTb nplllHBAJle>KHOCTb K BKTlllBHblM

pa,o,111os11eMeHTaM (uensiM) nOHSITllleM ~eTb1pexnon10cH11TK. SrnM cpa3y >Ke BblBOASITCSI 3a
paMKlll BKTlllBHblX 311eMeHTOB Ill pe30H0HCHble KOHTYPbl Ill TpaHccf>opMaTOpbl, nOCK011bKY
OHlll He yee11111YlllBBIOT MOLJ.J,HOCTb BXOAHOro c111rHa11a.

A see

BlllAbl reHepaTopoe, HanpoTlllB, CTBHOBSITCSI aKTlllBHblMlll 311eMeHTaMlll Ha 3a-

KOHHOM OCHOBBHllllll, noCK011bKY MOUJ,HOCTb Ha lllX BblXOAe ecerAa SIB11SleTCSI no110>1KAeHllleM) 1111160 OH 3H0YlllTe11bHO MeHbWe no MOUJ,HOCTlll,
YeM BblXOAHOiil c111rHa11 y reHepaTopoe c BHeWHlllM B036y)l(AeHllleM.
BeeAeH111e arnx Kp111Tep111ee cyw,ecTeeHHO pa3rpaH111KHblM npeAJlO>KlllTb C11eAylOw,ee onpeAe11eH111e:

A1emuenbt.M paouoaJte.Menmo.M

naabteaemca paooma·

1014uu om eneul1iezo ucmo'lnu1ea aJte1empoanepzuu ttembtpexno.n.10cnu1e, cuzna.n. na Bbtxooe 1eomopozo npeeocxooum no
.MOf4HOcmu n00600U.MbLU IC He.My a.n.e1emputteCICUU cuzna.n..

Y ee.n.uttenue .Mozq.nocmu npu amo.M npoucxooum uc1eJt10ttume.n.bno aa cttem
anepzuu eneurnezo ucmo'lHUJCa.
np111HS1B TaKoe onpeAe11eH111e, MO>KHO YTBep)l(AaTb, "ITO nio6oti paAM03neMeHT, He
YAOBneTBOPRIO~Mti XOTSI 6bl OAHOMY M3 nepe'tMCneHHblX ycnoa111ti, RBnReTCSI nac-

CMBHblM paAM03neMeHTOM.
Bee pa,o,111os11eMeHTb1, 1113yYeH11110 KOTOPblX 6b111a nocesiw,eHa nepeasi KH111ra «A36yKa
pa,o,111011106111Tel1S1», OTHOClll11111Cb K rpynne nacClllBHb/X. Bo BTOpoiil KH111re «WK011a pa,o,111011106111Tel1SI» Mbl 6yAeM napa1111e11bHO 1113YY0Tb 6011bWYIO YaCTb aKTlllBHblX P0AlllOKOMnOHeHTOB (pa,1J,111011aMnbl, TpaH3111CTOpbl, MlllKPOCXeMbl Ill T. n.) Ill pacw111pS1Tb 3HaHlllSI 0 pe3oHaHCHblX ClllCTeMax, KOTOpble CTPOSITCSI 1113 y>Ke 1113B9CTHblX HaM OAlllHOYHblX pe3oHaHCHblX KOHTYPOB Ill no HaWeMy HOBOMY onpeAe11eHllllO OTHOCSITCSI K naCClllBHblM.
Ho npe>KAe YeM Mbl nepeiilAeM K cyw,ecTBy Ae11a, ew,e pa3 eepHeMcsi K oct>111u111a11bHOMy onpeAe11eH11110 aKTlllBHblX paA111os11eMeHTOB e «CnpaeoYH111Ke paA111011io6111re11si» 111 HaweMy onpeAe11eHllllO. B oct>111u111al1bHOM onpeAe11eHllllll CKa3aHO, YTO 0KTlllBHble uen111, co,a.ep>1KeT.

A

YT06bl 3TOT napa,D,OKC CTa11 06bSICHt.1M, nplllAeTCSI npt.16erHYTb K npt.1eMy, KOTOpblM

Mbl YaCTO nO!lb30B011t.1Cb B nepeoiil KHl/lre: K aHaJlOrllllll.

Ill

Ha 3TOT pa3 pacCMOTPlllM ct>111-

3t.1KY npoueccoe, npOt.1CXOASIUJ,lllX B o6blYHOM At.1anpoeKTOpe, cnaiilAOCKOne 11111111 B KlllHO.

7

MmKHO }'TBep>K,D,aTb, "ITO mo6oiil 1113 KOMnneKCOB 3Tll1X annapaTOB COCTOlllT 1113 UCT0'-1-

HUKB csera, onru.,ecKoro npeo6pasosarenfl - o6beKrusa u 3KPBHB, Ha KornpoM eocnpo1113eo.o,111TCA yee11111YeHHoe 111306pa>KeH111e c11aiilAa (K111HoKaApa). 11!306pa>KeH111e Ha
c11aiilAe 11111111 A111ano3111rnee Mbl enpaee C"llllTaTb BXOP.HbtM curHanOM, a 111306pa>KeH111e Ha
6011bWOM 3KpaHe -

Bb/XOP,Hb/M CUrHBnOM.

PaccMOTPlllM, "ITO npo111cxoA111T np111 pa6orn c11aiilAOCKona 11111111 A111anpoeKTopa. Ec11111
B np111eMHOe OKHO He BCTae11eH HlllKaKOiil KaAP (BXOAHOiil c111rHan OTC}'TCTeyeT), 6011bWOiil
3KpaH paBHOMepHO OCBeLI..\eH. np111 3TOM, HeCMOTPA Ha OTC}'TCTBllle BXOP,HOrO CUrHanB,
pacxoAyeTCA 3HeprnA BHewHero lllCTO"IHlllKa (11aMnb1), lllAYIJ..\aA Ha OCBelJ..\eH111e 3KpaHa.
Tenepb BCTae111M e npoeKTop A111ano3111rne. Ha 3KpaHe nos1B111TCA TOYHaA Macwrn6HaA
(yee11111YeHHaA) KOnlllA BXOAHOro ClllrHana, np111YeM APKOCTb 3Toro 111306pa>KeHlllA HlllKaK
He 3aBlllClllT OT caMoro c11at1Aa, a onpeAe11AeTCA lllCKJllO"llllTellbHO lllHTeHClllBHOCTblO ceeTOBoro noTOKa lllCTO"IHlllKa ceeTa. 11111111, "ITO TO >Ke caMoe,- MOU(HOCTblO BHewHero lllCTO"IHlllKa 3Heprn111.
HeTPYAHO e111AeTb, YT6 e npouecce npoeKL{uu Ha 3KpaH npo1113ow110 0Yee111AHoe ysenu'-leHue ("1111Taiil - yc11111eH111e) pa3Mepoe Ill APKOCT"1 111306pa>KeHlllA, HaHeCeHHOro Ha
c11aiilAe, OAHaKO HlllKaKoro 1113MeHeHlllA CBMOro cnaVl.o.a ("1111Tat1 -

BXOAHOro c111rHa11a)

np111 3TOM He npo1113ow110: c11aiilA Ill 111306pa>KeH111e Ha HeM OCT811111Cb Helll3MeHHblMlll. 6011ee TOrO, OHlll 6YAYT npoAOll>KaTb OCTaeaTbCA Helll3MeHHblMlll, Aa>Ke ec11111 Mbl c nOMOLI..\blO onrnKlll 6yAeM 1113MeHATb pa3Mepbl Ill APKOCTb 111306pa>KeHlllA Ha 60J1bWOM 3KpaHe
('1111Taiil -

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14

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16

np111Mep

1

Hanps:i:>KeHllle ClllrHana Ha BXOAe yc111n111Tens:i COCTaens:ieT
Onp9Aen111Tb yc111neH111e e AEi.

10 MB, a Ha ero BblXOAe - 3 B.

OTHOWeHllle BblXOAHOro HanpAlKeHlllA (Uz :r:: 3 B) K BXOAHOMY (U1

= 0,01 B) COCTaBJlAeT

U2
3
-=-=300 paa.
U1 0,01
Ha roplll30HTanbHOA 00111 rpacf>111Ka HBXOAlllM 3H8"1eH111e

300 Ill 1113 STOA TO"IKlll BOCCTaHaen111ea-

eM nepneHAlllKynAp AO nepece"!eHlllA c npAMOilt 1, noCKOnbKy B ABHHOM CJIY"!Se pe"lb 111AeT 0
cpaeHeH111111 een111"!111H HanpR)l(BH111iif.
•
3Toilt TO"IKe Ha eeprnKanbHOM 00111 COOTBeTCTByeT 3H8"1eH111e 50 AEi. BepHee, nOCKOJlbKy
pe"lb lllA9T 06 YCWIBH/11111, 6onee TO"IHOA 6yAeT 3an111Cb He 50 AEi, a +50 AEi.

np111Mep2

B 3TOM >Ke caMOM yc111n111Tene MO~OCTb CllfrH8118, pacXOAYeMaA BO BXOAHOM uen111, COCTaBns:ieT 10 MBT, a none3HaA MOl14HOCTb c111rHana Ha BblXOAe yc111n111Tens:i paeHa 3 BT. Onp9Aen111Tb
yc111neH111e no MOIJ.(HOCT/11.

nocKOnbKy Ill B 3TOM CnY"!ae OTHOWeH111e P2 K P1 COCTaens:ieT 300 pa3, Mbl 1113 TOilt >Ke TO"IKlll Ha
rop1113oHTanbHoilt 00111 eoCCTaHaen111eaeM nepeneHA111Kyns:ip, HO Y:>Ke AO nepece"leH111A He c nps:iMOA 1, a c npAMOA 2, nOCKOJlbKy p9"1b l'IAeT 0 MOU4HOCTl'I. STOA HOBOA TO"IKe nepeCe"leHlllA Ha
eepTlllK81lbHOA WK8Jle COOTBeTCTByeT 3Ha"leH111e +25 AEi (no MOU4HOCTl'I!).
TaK "!TO ecn111 B l'IHCTPYKUllll'I K np111eMHlllKy, HanlllCBHO "!TO OH 06ecne"1111BaeT 1'136111paT8JlbHOCTb no coCeAHeMy KaHany Ha Al'lanaaoHax AB 111 CB He XY:>Ke 60 AEi, 3To 3HS"ll'IT, "!TO c111rHan
noMeXlll OT COC9AHeA CTBHUl'llll 6yAeT ocna6neH no aMnnl'ITYAe (!) OTHOCl'IT0JlbHO c111rnana np111HlllMaeMoilt cTaHu111111 (cM. rpacf>111K!). CoeepweHHO eepHo: e 1000 pa3.

BOT Tenepb, KOrAa Mbl BOOPY>Kll1nl11Cb HOBblM "1HCTPYM8HTOM AJlSI OU,0HK"1 111a6111paT0J1bHblX CB0171CTB peaoHaHCHblX C"1CT0M, MO>KHO np111secrn CJ18AYIOL11"1e 06S13aTel1bHble
u,1-1cppb1, YCTaHOBJleHHble rQCTOM AJlSI "136"1paTel1bHOCT"1 no COCeAHeMy KaHany np1-1MeH"1TeJ1bHO K P8A"10Bel118Tel1bHblM np1-1eMH111KaM paaHblX Knaccos (rn611. 2).
Ha nepsb1l7l samRA MO>KeT noKa3aTbCS1 CTpaHHblM Bb16op TaK"1X HeKpymblX
3HaYeH"1171. 0AHaKO TOJ1bKO Ha nepsblii;
B3r11S1A, noTOMy YTO u,111cppb1 "136"1paTeJ1bHOCTl-1 KaK pa3 OYeHb «Kpymble», eCJ1"1 Aeu,1-16el1J1bl nepesecrn s «pa3bl•. Mo>KHO

Ta 6 J1 111

u. a

2

11136111PATEJ1bHOCTb nPlllEMHlilKOB
PA3Jllil~HblX KJlACCOB

Kn ace
"1a6111parenbHOCTb
y6eA1"1J1bTp npeACTaBJ1S10T co6olft 06blYHb1ii; BblCOKOYaCTOTHblilt TpaHccpopMaTop, o6e 06MOTK"1 KOTOporo ("1 neps1KHO, nplll'leM CTeneHb TaKOro B38111MHOro BnlllSIHlllSI HanpsiMylO 3aBlllClllT OT creneH/lt CBfl3/lt o6MOTOK. LleM MeHbWe B3al/IMHaSI CBSl3b KaTYW0K (6onbwe pacCTOSIHllle Me:>KAy
HlllMlll), TeM MeHbWe CTeneHb B3alllMHOro Bnl/ISIHlllSI HaCTpoeK Ill Hao6opoT. Ho cel71'faC,
np111 paccM0TpeH111111 npvtHl.{vtna pa6oTbl nonocoeoro cp111nbTpa, Mbl AnSI npocTOTbl He 6yAeM yY111Tb1eaTb sTo e3alllMHOe en111siH111e HacTpoeK KaTYWeK APyr Ha Apyra.
np111Hl..\111n111anbHasi cxeMa cTaHAaPTHoro nonocoeoro cp111nbTpa np111eeAeHa Ha p111c. 4
(e l..\eHTpe). TaM :>Ke noKa3aHo cpopM111poeaH111e a6w,e171 (cyMMapHo171) YaCTOTH0171 xapaKTep111cT111K111 cp111nbTpa B l..\9nOM np111 pa3HOiii CTeneHl/I OTHOClllTenbH0171 paccTp0171Klll 06e111x 06MOTOK AnSI KOHTYPOB c ABYMSI pa3nlllYHblMlll 3HaYeHlllSIMlll A06POTHOCTlll - HeBblCOK0171
(eepxH111171 PRA ceMe171cTea Kp111eb1x) 111 OTHoc111TenbHO eb1c0Kol7I (Hlll:>KHV1171 PRA).
Ha caMblX nepeb1x (neeblx) rpacp111Kax 060111x psiAOe o6e o6MOTKlll nonocosoro cp111nbTpa HacTpa111eat0TCS1 Ha OAHY 111 TY :>Ke pe3oHaHcHytO YaCTOTY (pa3HOCTb paccTpoeK paeHa
HynlO). np111 STOM cyMMapHaSI pe3ynbrnpyt0w,asi KPlllBaSI npaKTlllYeCKlll nOJ1HOCTblO nOBTOpsieT cpopMy pe30HaHCH0171 KPlllBOiii Ka:>KAoro 1113 AByx KOHTypoe, ysenlllYlllBaSICb np111 STOM
BABOe no BblCOTe. B STOM CMblCne npaeoMepHO roeoplllTb 0 TOM, Y,TO nonocoeoiii
cp111nbTp, o6e 06MOTKlll KOTOporo HaCTpOeHbl Ha OAHY Ill TY :>Ke YaCTOTY; KBK 6bl o6naAaeT
BABOe 6onbweiii A06pOTHOCTblO, YeM Ka:>KAb11711113 KOHTYPOB B OTA9nbHOCTlll.
nocneAyt0w,111e (enpaeo OT nepeoro rpacp111Ka) p111cyHK111 noKa3b1eat0T, KaK MeHsieTcsi
een111Y111Ha 111 cpopMa pe3ynbrnpyt0w,eiii Kp111eol7I np111 nocTeneHHOM yeen111YeH111111 paccrnsiHlllSI no WKane YaCTOT Me:>KAy 'iaCTOTaMlll HaCTp0171Klll BXOAH0171 Ill BblXOAH0171 o6MOTOK nonocoeoro cp111nbTpa.
HeTPYAHO BlllAeTb, YTO no Mepe yeen111YeHl/ISI pa3HOCTlll f2 - f, cyMMapHaSI Kp111easi AO·
BOilbHO 6blCTpO y6blBaeT no aMnlllllTYAe, OAHOBpeMeHHO ccpaCWlllpSIS!Cb» Ha ypOBHe eepW"1H 06elllX KplllBblX. np111 HeKOTOpOM 3HaYeHllllll pa3HOCTlll HaCTpOeK f2 - f 1 (TpeTblll no CYeTY Kp111eb1e) npoMe:>KYTOK Me:>KAy ABYMSI rop6aM111 cTaHoe111Tcsi npaKT111YecK111 nnocK111M, YTO

18

np1 ("1J1"10,1 MKKHO 3aM0T"1Tb, LflO caMaSI Hlll>KHSISI
Ha p111cyHKe o6w.asi AJ1SI ecex KOHA0HCaTOpoe AOPO>KKa lllM00T no ABCi OTCTOSIUJ,"1X APYr
OT Apyra OTBepCT"1SI. 3TO CA0J1aHO nOTOMy, "!TO B pa3HblX A0KaAaX AJ1"1Ha KOHA0HCaTOpoe pa3J1"1"1Ha: AJ1SI OAHlllX T"1nOB OHa COCTaBJ1Sl0T 10 ... 15 MM, AJ1SI APY'r"1X -

25 ... 30 MM.

21

A noeKOllbKY Mbl pew1.111111 nnaTbl AJlR seex ASKa,D, AellaTb OAJ.1HaKOBblMll1, s p111eyHKe n11aTbl npeAyeMOTP0Hbl ASa OTeTOR~ll1X APYr OT Apyra «3eMJlRHblX» nRTaYKa e OTBepeTll1RMll1
nOA SblSOA KOHAeHearnpa.
Tenepb OTHOe111Te11bHO Sb16opa T111nos J.1 nOA6opa 3K3eMn11Rpos KOHAeHeaTopos.
noeKOllbKY Haw Mara3111H RSJlReTeR XOTb 111 eaMOA011bHblM, HO see )Ke 1113Mep111Te11bHblM
np1116opoM, Hy>KHO, YT06bl OH OTSeYall onpeAe11eHHblM Tpe6osaHll1RM 111, KaK npll1HRTO rosop111Tb y MeTpo11oros, OTHOe11111eR K KaKOMy-1111160 KJlaeey TOYHOeTl/1. 3TO Ha,D,O .f10Hll1MaTb
TaK, YTO ee11111 Ha WKa11e Mara3111Ha

Ha6paHO 11106oe Y111e11osoe 3HaYeH111e eMKOeTll1,

TO aKTll1YeeKaR eMKOeTb Ha SblXOAHblX K119MMaX Mara3111Ha He A011)1(Ha OTJ1111YaTbeR
OT 3TOrO Y111e11osoro Ha6opa 6011ee YeM Ha 2, 5, 10 11111111 20%. BOT 3TO y111e110 npOL.,\eHTOS
111 onpeAe11ReT Knaee TOYHOeTll1 Mara3111Ha s L..\e110M.
s:leHO, YTO K11aee TOYHOeTll1 «2» 11yYwe, YeM «20», OAHaKO s paAll1011I06111Te11beKo£1
npaKTll1Ke SbleOKaR TOYHOeTb Mara3111Ha eMKOeTei-1 He Tpe6yeTeR, a np11106peern 11111111 noA06paTb Aees:!Tb OAll1HaKOSblX KOHAeHeaTOpos e pa36poeoM eMKOeTei-1 s 2% 11111111 Aa>Ke
5% -

Ae110 AOSOllbHO XJlOnOTHOe, a rnasHoe -

Hll1KOMY He Hy>KHOe.

noYeMy He Hy)l(HOe? npeAeTaSll1M, YTO see AO eAlllHOrO KOHAeHeaTOpa y Hae lllMelOT
AOnyeK He Xy>Ke ±5%, J.1 Ha seex nRTll1 AeKaAaX yeTaHOS11eHa L..\1'1pa 5. 3TO AOJl>KHO eooTseTeTsosaTb eMKoern 5555500 nKeT
6b1Tb Ha 5% KaK 6011bWe, TaK J.1 MeHbWe o603HaYeHH0£1 Ha ero KOpnyee. 803bMeM ,o,sa
Kpa£1Hll1X e11yYas:l 111 noeMOTPll1M, YTO 3TO 6yAeT 03HaYaTb Ha npaKTJ.1Ke. noeKOllbKYAOnyeK
y seex 6e3 J.1eK11IOYeHJ.1R KOH,D,eHearnpos eoeTas11s:1eT ±5%, TO Ill 06~11171 AOnyeK seei-1
rpynnbl 6yAeT TaKll1M >Ke, a 3HaYJ.1T 111 OTKJlOH0Hll1e eyMMapHOi-1 eMKOeTll1 Mara3111Ha eoeTaSJ.1T ±5% OT S911111Yll1Hbl 5555500 nKeTes:I
y KOHAeHearnpos nepsblX Tpex rpynn.
lll3 3TOro np11Mepa e11eAyeT 1113S11eYb ypoK, KOTOpbli-1 Ha,D,O He TOllbKO 3anOMHll1Tb, HO
111 xopoweHbKO ys:ieHJ.1Tb, noeK011bKY s Aa11bHe£1weM, Kor,o,a np11AeTeR OL..\eH11saTb peay11bTaTb1 J.13MepeHll1£1 pa311111YHblX 311eKTPJ.1YeeKll1X S0JlJ.1YJ.1H, HaAO 6y,o,eT seerAa s:ieHO
npeAeTaS11RTb ee6e, YTO Tbl 1113M0PJ.111 J.1 YTO 3TO MO:>KeT 03HaYaTb Ha eaMOM Ae11e.
HaYaTb 3TO MO:>KeT TOllbKO OAHO:

A 03-

Ilpu ucnoJlb30Ba1tuu Jl106btX uaMepumeJtbltbtX npu6opoB
KeHlllS'I nOCJleAOBaTeJlbHO BblXOAHble KJleMMbl Mara3111Ha Ill HeKOTOporo BCnoMoraTeJlbHOro KOHAeHcaropa H060JlbWOill eMKOCTlll (AO

100

n). noAKJllO"las:t nonepe-

MeHHO KOHAeHCaTOpbl pa3HOill eMKOCTlll Ill cpaBHlllBaR Belllll"llllHl>I nepeMeHHOrO Hanps:t)l(eHlllS'I Ha MOCTe Ill BCnOMOraTeJlbHOM KOHAeHcarope, HMO A06111TbCS'I paeeHCTBa
3TlllX ABYX Hanps:t>KeH111ill. 3TO B03MO)l(H0 TOJlbKO B TOM CJly"lae, ec11111 OKa>KYTCSI paBHbl o6e
eMKOCTlll.
AonycrnM, TaKoe no11o)l(eH111e COOTBeTcTeyeT eMKOCTlll BcnoMoraTeJlbHOro KOHAeHcaropa

39

n.

B

3TOM cny"!ae eMKOCTb nepBoro KOHAeHcaropa nepBoill 11111HeillK"1 Mara-

3"1Ha HMO B3S'ITb He

100 n,

Hllle, B HaweM c11y"lae -

a

100 - 39 = 61

n 111111116J11/1)1(ai/lwee «CTaHAaPTHOe» 3Ha"le-

62 n.

~ nocneAHee: pa60"lllle Hanps:t>KeHlllS'I Bcex 6e3 lllCKJllO"l0HlllA KOHAeHCaTOPOB HMO
B3S'ITb MaKC"1MaJlbHO B03MO>KHblMlll Ill )l(eJlaTeJlbHO OAlllHaKOBblMlll, "IT06bl Mara3111HOM
MO>KHO 6blJIO nOJlb30BaTbCS'I np111 pa6oTe co cxeMBMlll, rAe pa60"llll0 Hanps:t)l(eHlllS'I MOfYT
6b1Tb AOCTaTO"IHO BblCOKlllMlll (Hanp111Mep, B JlaMnOBblX CXeMax). np111 Jll06b1X 06CTOS'lTeJlbCTBax HeAOnyCTlllMO nOAKJllO"IBTb Mara3111H K L!enRM, peaJlbHOe Hanpsi>KeHl/le B KOTOpblX BblWe pa6o"lero Hanps:t)l(eHlllS'I KOHAeHCBTOpOB Mara3111Ha.
Hy BOT Ha 3TOM 111 aaKOH"llllM Hawe nepBoe aaHs:tTllle. TaK KaK nepeoe aaHRTllle 6b1110
BeCbMa HBCbll,UeHHblM Ill 06beMHblM, B Ka"leCTBe npaKTlll"leCKOill pa60Tbl npeAOCTaBJIS'leTCS'I B03M0)1(H0CTb nplllCTYnlllTb K C03AQHllllO Mara3111Ha eMKOCTelil OAlllH no11Hb1ill pa60"l"1ill AeHb.

A

Ha 3TO yillAeT He

npaKT111"lecK111e pa60Tb1 c ycoeepweHcTeoeaH111eM Hawe-

ro nepeoro np111eMHlllKa, paayMeeTCS'I, 06S'l3BT0JlbHO nos:tBS'ITCS'I B 611111>1Ke eenlll"llllHbl aHOAHOro TOKa MO>KHO 6b1no B

10

pa3

yMeHbWlllTb Hanpsi>KeH111e Ha aHOAe.
3anOMHlllM 3TO, nOTOMY "ITO O"leHb CKOPO Mbl K 3TOMy eepHeMCSI.

A Tenepb

Ha KaKoe-

TO epeMR OTKJllO"llllM lllCTO"IHlllK aHOAHOro Hanpsi>KeHlllSI (111n111 nonpOCTY BblHeM 1113 Haweili
TeopeTlll"leCKOili naMnbl 8HOA) Ill 6yAeM paccMaTp111eaTb OCTaBWYIOCSI "laCl'b naMnbl KaK
AlllOA, B KOTOPOM ponb aHOAa BblnOnHSleT Haw HOBblili 3neKTPOA -

ceTKa.

Ha caMOM Aene 3Ta HOBaSI naMna a6cont0THO Hlll"leM He OTnlll"laeTCSI OT 06bl"IHOro
AlllOAa Ill nonHOCTblO 00A"llllHSl0TCSI BC0M 3aKOHaM pa60Tbl HOpMa11bHOro AlllOAa. npaBAa,
nplllABlllHYB HOBblili ceT"laTblili aHOA K KaTOAY Ill yMeHbWlllB TaKlllM o6pa30M B

10

CTOSIHl/le aHOA-KaTOA, Mbl TeM CaMblM yeen111L1111n111 B Te >Ke

10

paa pac-

pa3 3cpcpeKTlllBHOCTb 803-

AeiliCTBlllSI aHOAHOro Hanpsi>KeHlllSI Ha eenlll"llllHY aHOAHOro TOKa. Ho nOCKOnbKY Mbl He
CTaBlllnlll CBOeili 4enbt0 yeenlll"l0Hllle aHOAHOro TOKa, a XOTlllM coxpaHlllTb ero 3Ha'-leH111e
npe>KHlllM, Mbl MO>KeM B

10

pa3 nOHlll3111Tb eenlll"llllHY aHOAHOro Hanpsi>KeHlllSI, T. e. B3SITb

Ee+= 0, 1Ea.
noHSITHO TaK>Ke, "ITO nepeKJ1t0L1111e TYM6nep Ha cxeMe p111c.

7

1113 npaeoro nonmKeH111si

B neeoe, Mbl noMeHR0M nonsipHOCTb aHOAHOro Hanpsi>KeHlllSI c nonO>Kl/ITenbHOili Ha OTp1114aTenbHyt0, B pe3ynbTaTe "lero AlllOA OKa>KeTCSI 3anepTblM Ill aHOAHblili TOK nonHOCTblO
npeKpaT111Tcsi. OTCtOAa Mbl CAenaeM ea>KHeiliw111ili AJISI Haw111x nocneAYIOl.l.!.lllX paccy)f(,IJ,eHlllili BblBOA:

BoaaeucmBue nomenquaJta cem1eu na BeJtu11,uny anoanozo
mo1ea Jta.Mnbt nocum ma1eou 3/Ce xapa1emep, 11,mo u BoaaeucmBue nomenquaJta anoaa, no omJtu11,aemcsi om nezo arpfjJe1emuBnocmb10, 1eomopasi nacmoJlblCO OOJlbZUe, nac1eOJlb1CO
cem1ea pacnOJl031Cena OJlU:JICe IC 1eamoay, 11,e.M anoa.
Ao c111x nop Mbl paccMaTp111ean111 OTAenbHO en111siH111e Ha aHOAHblili TOK Hanpsi>ttKeHlllili.
8KJllO"llllM BHa"lane OAHO TOnbKO aHOAHOe Hanpsi>KeH111e
aHOAOM Ill KaTOAOM nonO>KlllTenbHOe 3n0KTPlll"leCKOe

none.

F.a,

KOTOpoe C03AaCT Me)f(,IJ,y

3TO

none 30CTaBlllT 3neKTpO-

Hbl ABlllraTbCSI B CTOpOHy aHOAa, "ITO C03A8CT nOCTOSIHHblili aHOAHblili TOK

'a·

'-lepe3 SIYeili-

Klll ceTKlll 3neKTPOHbl nponeTatOT coeepweHHO CB060AHO, He 3aAep>KlllB0SICb Ha Heili,
n03TOMy BO BHeWHIOIO 4enb CeTKVI OHi/i He OTB0TBnSllOTCSI, T. e. He C03AatOT HlllKaKoro
ceTO"IHOro TOKa.

25

EiyAeM C"llllTBTb, "ITO HanpS!)K0Hllle BHOAH0'1 6arnpe111 paBHO 100 B (3TO ynpOCTllll
HElWlll ABnbHe'1w111e BblKJlBAKlll), a aHOAHbl'1 TOK YCTBHOBlll11CSI Ha Be1llll"llllH8

la= 10 MA.

Tenepb noAK1110"llllM BblBOA ceTKlll K AOno11H111Te11bHOMY (ceTO"IHOMY) lllCTO"IHlllKY no-

cro~HHoro TOKa -

6arapelilKe

Ee+

c HanpS1)KeH111eM 10 B. Ec11111 6b1 B 3TOT MOMeHT aHOA-

Hoe HanpS1)KeH111e OTCYTCTBOBBJlO, TO TOK "lepe3 naMny He 1113MeHlll11CSI 6bl, nOCKOllbKY
ceTKa pacnono)KeHa K KaTOAY e 10 pa3 611111)Ke, a Hanpsi)KeH111e Ha He'1B10 pa3 M0Hbwe.
1113M0HlllhCS'I 6bl TO/lbKO nytb TOKa: Tenepb OH npoTeKan 6bl He OT KBTOAB K aHOAY. a OT
KBTOAB K ceTKe, o6pa3ys:i BO BHewHe'1 1..1en111 C0TO"IHbl'1 TOK B81llll"llllH0'1 10 MA.
A tenepb CHOBB hOAKnlO"llllM aHOAHYIO 6aTapelO Ill nocMOTPlllM, KBK noBeAYT ce6si
3neKTPOHbl B 3TOM c11yL1ae. npeoAoneB noA Ae'1cTB111eM 311eKTp111L1eCKoro nonsi

Et

7) paccTOS!Hllle K8TOA-C0TKB, OHlll OKB)KYTCSI y CTapTOBOM 11111Hllllll HOBOro 3110KTp111"10CKOro n011SI E2, HanpS'l.>K0HHOCTb KOTOporo onpe,o,en~eTCSI pa3HOCTblO nOT0HL\lllB110B
(p111c.

Ea - ~+ =100 -10 =90 B.
lllHa"le roeopsi, All~ 3110KTPOHOB, AOCTlllrWlllX ceTKlll, OCTBBWBSICSI "IBCTb naMnbl (Ha
y"laCTKe C0TKa-aHOA) npeACTBB11Sl8T co6oM 06bl"IHblM AlllOA,

B KOTOpOM

PO/lb lllCTO"IHlllKa

3J18KTPOHOB 111rpaeT He «KBTOAHOe 0611aKO», a Ta Macca 311eKTpOHOB, KOTOpasi K 3TOMy
MOM8HTy AOCTl!lrna CTBPTOB0'111111Hllllll, T. e. ceTKlll.
Ho B OT11111"11118 OT 3110KTPOHOB, BXOAlllBWlllX B «3118KTPOHHOe 0611aKO» BOKpyr KBTOAB
Ill HBXOAlllBWlllXCSI B COCTOS'IHllllll xaOTlll"l0CKOro, HeynopS!A0"10HHOro 6poyHOBCKOro ABlll)KeHlllSI, 311eKTpOHbl Ha CTBpTOB0'1 11111Hllllll y)Ke np11106pe11111 H8KOTOpb1'1 aanac KlllH0Tlll"l0CK0'1 3Hepr111111, COOTB0TCTBYIO~lll'1 B011111"1111He TOKa 10 MA. 3TOT cpaKT lllM00T ABB BB)KHblX
CJ10ACTB"1SI.
Bo-nepBblX, OCHOBHBSI Macca paaorHBHHblX AO onpeA0118HH0'1 CKOPOCTlll 311eKTpoHOB npOCKBKlllBaeT L1epe3 Sl"l0'1Klll CeTKlll, He OTB0TB11SIS!Cb B ee BH8WHIOIO 1..1enb "' He co3ABBBSI 3BM0THOro C0TO"IHOro TOKa, a BO-BTOpblX, 3Ta 3H0PrlllSI, CK11BAblB8S!Cb c 3Heprllle'1 OT nonsi

E2,

nplllBOAlllT nO"ITlll K AByxKpaTHOMy YB8J1111"18HllllO H8"1B1lbHOro BHOAHOro

TOKa.
A Tenepb CAenaeM caMoe BB)KHOe: nOAKlllO"llllM K ceTKe BMeCTO 6arnpe'1K111
pe'1Ky

Ee-

Ee+

6arn-

TalOKe c Hanpsi)KeH111eM 10 B, HO y)Ke OTp1111..1aTe11bH0'1 nonsipHOCTlll. Tenepb

3110KTpOHbl «KBTOAHOrO 0611aKa» OKB)KYTCSI nOA OAHOBP0M0HHblM B03A8'1CTBlll0M ABYX
3110KTPlllL10CKlllX no11e'1: nO/lO)KlllTellbHOro nOJlSI BHOAHOM 6arnpe111, KOTOpoe 6YA0T np111TS!rlllBBTb 3110KTPOHbl K aHOAY c H0KOTOpo'1 Clll110'1

+P,

Ill OTPllll..IBT0JlbHOrO nOJlSI ceTKlll

(-Et), KOTOpoe 6yAeT OTTB11KlllBBTb 3110KTpOHbl o6paTHO K KBTOAY c TO"IHO TaK0'1 )1(0 no
ee11111L1111He, HO nporneonono)KHO Hanpae11eHH0'1 c111110'1

-P.

CyMMa 3TlllX AByx C"111 6yAeT, paayMeeTCSI, paBHa HylllO, B pe3y11bTBTe TOK "lepea naMny npeKpaT111Tcsi B c11111y 0TcyrcTe111si np111L1111Hb1. CaMo co6o'1 paayMeeTcsi, "ITO 111 B 3TOM
cny"lae HlllKBKOro «CeTO"IHOrO» TOKa BO BH8WHe'1 1..1en111 ceTKlll He 6yAeT. B pe3y1lbTaTe Mbl
np"1W11111 K caMOMY rnaBHOMy, CBMOMy BB)KHOMy 3BKJ1IO"l0HllllO -

K HaweMy T p e T be M y

Kiii Ty:

BBeaa 6 Jla.MnOBblU auoa aonOJlHUmeJlbHblU aJlelCmpoa ynpaBJl.stJOUfYIO cem1ey - .Mbt noJty1luJtu eoa~o31Cnocmb ua.Menamb e zuup01cux npeaeJtax BeJtu1luny mo1ea 1tepea JtaMny
nymeM ua.Menenua 6 nefJoJtbzuux npeaeJtax nanpa31Cenua na
ee cem1ee. Ilpu amoM na BHezuneu nazpya1ee Jta.Mnbt .M031CH.O BbtaeJtamb 3tta1lurtieJtbny10 aJte1empu1tecn:y10 .MOUfHOCmb, npeaeJtbt 1eomopou oepanu1lUBa10mca .MOUfHOCmblO anoanou oamapeu U HU1Ca1C He C6.R3aHbl C .MOUfHOCmblO noa6oau.MOZO 1e cem1ee cuznaJta.

26

+Ea

+Ea

100 8

100 8

81

81

100 8

+

'50 8

""5~

82
-Ea
100 8

E=2.5 8 -

+

v

~

50 8

82
-Ea
100 8

+

100 8

Ee

a)

6)

B)

P111c. 8. K aHan111ay pa6orb1 naMnoeoro KaCKaAa Ha rp1110Ae
,lJ,nR TOro, •1T06b1 3Ta lllCTlllHa CTaJla COBCSM y>K 0"18BlllAH0£1, nplllB9A9M H9KOTOPbl'1
c11111bHO ynpo1J..teHHb1'1 pacYeT npocTe£1wero 11aMnosoro KaCKMa Ha Tp1110Ae, 111306pa>KeHHOro Ha p111c.

8.

3A9Cb y>Ke 3HaKOMbl'1 HaM TPlllOA c HanpR>K9Hlll9M aHOAHOi-1 6arnpe111

Ea= 100 B, aHOAHblM TOKOM (6e3 BJllllRHlllR ceTKlll!) la= 10 MA 111 pe3111cTopoM Harpy3Klll
RH= 5 KOM, BKJ110YeHHblM noc11eAOBare11bHO B uenb aHoAa. napan11e11bHO pe3111cTopy Mb1
BKJllO"llllM 80JlbTMeTp

B 1,

KOTOpbli-1 6yAeT cplllKCLllP08aTb naAeHllle HanpR>KSHlllR Ha pe3111C-

Tope Harpy3Klll, a Me)l(,Cl,y aHOAOM Ill K0TOAOM -

BOJlbTMSTP

82,

KOTOpb1'1 6yAeT noKa3bl-

BaTb cpaKTlll"ISCKOe HanpR>K9Hllle Ha caMoi-1 JlaMne.
CoeAlllHlllM ceTKY c KaTOAOM (TYM611ep Ha cxeMe 0npa00), npespaTlll8 TPlllOA 0 06b1L1Hb1'1 AlllOA. YcTaH081118Wlll~CR BHOAHbl'11 TOK
C03AaCT Ha HSM naAeHllle HanpR>KeHlllR
3TOM Ha CBM0£111aMne (Me)l(,Cl,y BHOAOM Ill

10 MA, nporeKaR L1epe3 pe3111CTOP Harpy3Klll,
50 8, KOTOpoe 3acp111KClllpyeT 80JlbTMeTp. np111
KaTOAOM) OCTaHeTCR Ua = 100 - 50 =50 B.

Tenepb nepeKJ110"llllM TYM611ep 011e00 111 noAaAlllM Ha ceTKY OTPlllL\BTeJ1bHOe HanpR>KeH111e. YT06bl nOJIHOCTblO KOMneHClllpOBaTb 8JILllRHlll9 aHOAa, 3TO HanpR>K9Hllle B HaweM
CJlyYae AOJl)KHO COCTBBJIRTb

1/10 8911111"1111Hbl

aHOAHOro HanpR>K9HLllR, T. e.

= -5 8. np111 3TOM BHOAHbl£1TOK8 JlaMne npeKpaTl/ITCR, a
CTOpe COCTaBl/IT

0 B,

Uc= -(50: 10) =

naAeHLlle HanpR>KeHlllR HB pe31/1·

"!TO 3acp111Kc111pyeT BOJlbTM9Tp.

C119AY9T cpa3y >Ke Or080PlllTbCR, "!TO TaKOe ClllJlbHO ynpoLI..teHHOe TOJIK08aHllle R8HO
HeKoppeKTHO, nOCKOJlbKY np111 nocTeneHHOM yse11111YeH111111 0Tp111uaTeJ1bHOro HanpR>KSHlllR
Ha ceTKe TaK>Ke nocTeneHHO 6yAeT yMeHbWaTbCR aHOAHbli-1 TOK Ill COOTB9TCT8eHHO naAeHl/le HanpR>K9Hli!R Ha Harpy3Ke. j..1 K TOMY MOMSHTY, KOrAB JlaMna OKa>KeTCR 3anepT0£1,
HanpR>1Ke He

50,

a

100 B,

raK "!TO AJIR no11Horo 3an111paH111R

TPlllOAa K KOHL\Y 3Toro npouecca Ha ceTKy noHM06111TCR noAa0aTb He -5 B, a -10 B.
3TO paCXO)l(,Cl,9Hl/le He M9HR9T nplllHL\llln111aJlbH0£1 KapTLllHbl npOLll€XOARIJ..tlllX npouecC08, 8JllllRR JILllWb Ha ero KOJllll"l9CT89HHYIO OL\SHKy, "!TO HaXOALllT o-ipa>KeH111e B CYLI..t9CT80BaHl/llll ABYX 8111A08 xapaKTeplllCTlllK 111060£1 JlaMnbl -

CTaTlll"leCKlllX Ill AlllHaMlll"ISCKlllX.

Ho nOCKOJlbKY Mbl 3TlllX TOHKOCTei-1 noKa He 3HaeM, speMeHHO 3aKpOeM rna3a Ha 3TLll
pa3Jllll"llllR, nOCKOJlbKY AJIR Hae ce£1Yac Ba>KHee reopernYeCKaR CTOPOHa ',o.e11a.
"1TaK, 6YA9M CLllllTaTb, "!TO, MSHRR Hanps:i>KeH111e Ha CeTKe OT
MblM M9HR9M TOK Yepe3 11aMny OT

0

AO

10

-5 B AO 0,

Mbl TeM ca-

MA, "!TO npLllBOAlllT K lllJM9H9HllllO naASHLllR

HanpR>KSHltlR Ha pe31/1CTOpe Harpy3Klll OT HYJIR AO

50 B.

Tenepb c11erKa 1113MSHlllM uenb ynpasnRIOLI..tei-1 ceTKl!l, BKJllOYLllB noc11eA08aTeJ1bHO
c ceTOYHOi-1 6arape£1Ko£1 LllCTO"IHlllK nepeMeHHOro Hanps:i>KeHLllR c aMnmllTYAOi-1
Ho0peMeHHO yMeHbWLllM HanpR>KeH111e 6arnpe'1K111 AO

2,5

B (p111c.

8,6).

5 B,

111 OA-

Bo 0peMR no110-

27

)l(lllTenbHOro nonynep1110Aa nepeMeHHoro Hanpsi)l(eHlllS'I (+2,5 B) cyMMapHoe Hanpsi)l(eH111e Ha ceTKe 6yAeT paeHo Uc= (+2,5) + (-2,5) = 0, a eo epeMsi oTplll~TenbHoro nonynep1110Aa COCTaBlllT Uc= (-2,5) + (-2,5) = -5 B.
lllHblMlll cnoeaM111, e Hoeo'1 cxeMe HanpS'l)l(eH111e Ha ceTKe 6yneT MeHS'ITbCS'I e rex >Ke
npeAenax (OT 0 AO -5 B), HO c "laCTOTOH nepeMeHHoro Hanpsi>KeH111si. EcTecTeeHHO, "ITO
c TaKo'1 )Ke "laCTOTOH Ha pe3111CTOpe Harpy3Klll 6yAeT MeHS'ITbCS'I naAeH111e HanpS'l)l(eHl/IS'I
OT 0 AO 50 B, T. e. nosie111Tcsi nepeMeHHoe Hanpsi)l(eH111e TOH )Ke "laCTOTbl 111 cpopMbl, "ITO
111 Hanpsi)l(eH111e Ha ceTKe, HO e 10 pa3 6onbwee no aMnnlllTYAe.
lllCXOAS'I 1113 3TOro MO)l(HO CKa3aTb, "ITO naMna KaK 6bl yc111n111na nOABeAeHHOe K ceTKe
Hanpsi)l(eH111e e 10 pa3 (Ha caMoM Aene naMna Hlll"lero He yc111n111eaeT, a ecero n111wb ynpaensieT sneKTpOHHblM noTOKOM aHOAHOH 6arape111).
Ho 3TO OTHIOAb He caMoe rnaBHOe. rnaBHOe COCTOlllT B TOM, "ITO np111 nBAeHllllll Hanpsi)1(0Hl/IS'I 50 B Ha pe3111crope 5 KOM BblAensieTCS'I aneKTp111L1ecKasi MOll!HOCTb, paeHasi, Br,
AiArP

u2 50 2
=71= 5000 =0,5.

np111 3TOM B l..\enlll C0TKlll 3Hepr111S'I lllCTO"IHlllKB nepeM0HHOro HanpS'l)l(0HlllS'I 800611.!0 He
paCXOAY0TCS'I, noCKOnbKY B nl060'1 MOMeHT epeMeHlll Hanpsi)l(eHl/le Ha ceTKe OCTaeTCS'I
OTPlllL\aTenbHblM OTHOClllTenbHO KaTOAB, a cneAOBBTenbHO, He B03HlllKaeT HlllKaKoro ceTO"IHOro TOKa.
lllTaK, Mbl nOAOWnlll K caMOMy rnaBHOMy, K HaweMy T p e Tb e M y K Ill Ty naMnOBO~
T0XHlllKlll. Ill COCTOlllT 3TO rnaBHOe B CneAYIOll!eM:

IIpu.Menenue Jta.Mnbt c ynpa6Jtst10Ufeu cemKou iJaem Bo.:J.Mo:JtCnocm& noJty"lum& na BbtxoiJe ycmpoucmea aJte1'mpu'lteC1'Uu cuznaJt iJocmamo"lnou .MOUfHOcmu, ne pacxoiJya npu
amo.M .MOUfHOCmb ynpa6Jt.R.10UfeZO CUZHaJta.
YsicH111B np111HL1111n pa6orb1 TPlllOAB, Mbl MO)l(eM renepb nepe'1r111 K 6onee AeTanbHOMY
aHanlll3Y Ill KOnlll"leCTBeHHblM Ol..\eHKaM ero sneKTPlllL10CKlllX napaMeTpOB, 3aBlllClllMOCTlll
3TlllX napaMerpoe OT n111Ta10ll!lllX Hanpsi)l(eH111'1, xapaKrepa Harpy3Klll 111 APYr OT Apyra.
3Tlll CBeAeHl/IS'I nOMOryT HSM TO"IHO Ol..\eHlllTb AOCTOlllHCTBa Ill HeAOCTaTKlll TPlllOAB Ill TeM
caMblM O"lepTlllTb Kpyr 3BAB"I, KOTOpble MO)l(HO pewaTb c noMOll!blO TplllOAa, a cneAOBaTenbHO, 111 o6naCTb ero np111MeHeH111si.
OcHOBHblM lllHCTpyMeHTOM AJIS'I Ol..\eHKlll KaL1ecTea 111 noTeH4111anbHblX B03MO>KHOCTe'1
nio6o'1 naMnbl cny)l(aT ceMe'1crea ee crar111L1ecK111x 111 AlllHaM111L1eCKlllX xapaKrep111cT111K,
OTproiKe, "ITO 111 Ra (R1 =Ra= 5 KOM), TO noKa3aHlllS'I eonbTMerpoe Ha 060111x p111cyHKax COBnBAyT, T. e. OYAYT paBHbl 50 B. 3To no3BOnS'leT HBM CAenaTb cneAYIOl1.!09
3aKn10L1eH111e:

28

Ilpu 8a1tltbtX 6eJtUllU1taX numa10U{UX nanpst31Ce1tUU U 6 ycma1t06U6uteMCR pe31CuMe .M.bt Mo31CeM pacc.M.ampueam& yllacm01c ano8-x:amo8 JtaMnbt H:aH: 1teH:Oe 3H:6U6aJte1tm1tOe aH:mU61tOe conpomueJtenue.
3TO nOHRTllle RB11ReTCR OAHlllM 1113 Ba)tK111Tb, nOTOMY "ITO BHYTPeHHee conpoT111011eH111e PSAlll011aMnb1 -

3TO

OAHS 1113 xapaKTeplllCTlllK KOHcj>111rypa4111111 Ill n110THOCTlll 311eKTpOHHOro nOTOKa, Cyll.\eCTByIOLl.\ero BHYTPlll ee KOHCTPYKL..\111111 TOllbKO e npo4ecce pa60Tb1 111 nocTORHHO 1113MeHRIOL1.\SR
ceoe 3HS'leH111e B 38BlllClllMOCTlll OT pa6o'lero pe>KlllMa Ha ee 311eKTPOASX, OTCyTCTBlllR,
Ha11111Y111R 111 ee11111"1111Hbl no11e3Horo c111rHa11a 111 PRAa APYrlllX cj>aKTopoe.

A Ha3b1eaeTcR

3TOT napaMeTp conpoT111011eH111eM noToMy, "ITO e aneKTPlll'leCKlllX pac-

'leTax, KOTOpble enonHe npaeoMepHO npoBOAlllTb no cj>opMy11aM KllaCClll'leCKOill 311eKTPOTeXHlllKlll, npoMe>KYTOK KaTOA-aHOA BHYTPlll pa60Ta10ll.\eill 11aMnb1 MO>KHO paccMaTp111eaTb
KaK o6bl"IHOe SKTlllBHOe conpOTlllB11eHllle.
,lJ,pyrnM BS>KHeillWlllM napaMeTpOM 118Mnbl RB11ReTCR ee K03cj>cj>1114111eHT yc11111eHlllR,
o6o3Ha'laeMblill. rpeyecKoill 6yKeoill µ 111 He 111Me10ll.\lllill Hl!lKaKoill pa3MepHOCTlll. XoTR npaKTlll'leCKlll see, KTO pa6oTaeT c P8A1110118MnaMlll, npeAnO"llllTalOT Bblpa>KaTb Be11111'-llllHY µ
«B paaax», lllM0R nplll 3TOM B BlllAY. "ITO 11aMna yc11111111eaeT flOABOAlllMblill c111rna11 BO
CTOllbKO-TO pa3. B "ISCTHOCTlll, TeopeT111YecK111ill TPlllOA e HaweM Y111c11000M np111Mepe
111Me11Be11111'-llllHYµ=10.
Bnpo'leM, C11eAyeT CHOBa oroeoplllTbCR. np111BeAeHH8R l..\lllcj>pa 10 xapaKTep111ayeT He
KOScj>cj>1114111eHT yc11111eHlllR CaMoro OTAellbHO B3RTOro TPlllOAa, a 11aMnoeoro KaCKaAa,
BK1110'la10ll.\ero KPOMe co6cTeeHHO TPlllOAa ell.\e 111 pea111cTop Harpy3Klll, 111cTO"IH111K nepeMeHHOro HanpR>KeHlllR B L1en111 ceTKlll, ceTO"IHYIO Ill SHOAHYIO 6arnpe111, napaMeTpbl KOTOpblX MOfYT MeHRTbCR B WlllPOKlllX npeAe11ax, "ITO nplllBOAlllT K 1113MeHeHllllO KOScj>cj>1114111eHTa
yc11111eH111R KacKaAa. TorAa KaK napaMeTp µ, np111BOAlllMb1ill e cnpaeo"IH111Kax, xapaKrnp1113yeT 111MeHHO yc11111111rn11bHb1e cnoco6HocT111 caMoill 11aMnb1 111 He 3ae111c111T OT pe)l(111Ma ee
111cno11baoeaH111R.
TaK "ITO >Ke 3TO aa napaMeTp 111 "ITO KOHKpeTHO OH xapaKTep111ayeT? Koscpcp111u,111eHT
yc11111eHlllR 110Mnbl µ noKa3blBaeT, BO CK011bKO pa3 1113MeHeHllle HanpR)KeHlllSl !'la C8TKe A8171CTByeT Ha SHOAHblill TOK ClllllbHee, 'leM 1113MeHeH111e HanpR>KeHlllR Ha aHOAe:

llUa
µ= llUg (np111 /a= canst).
npaKTlll'leCKlll 1113MepeHllle 3TOrO napaMeTpa npOlll3BOAlllTCSl C11eAYIOL1.\lllM o6pa30M:
np111 Helll3MeHHOM (cpeAHeM AJ1Sl AaHHOill 11aMnb1) 3Ha'leHllllll aHOAHOro TOKa 1113MeHRIOT
Ha B03MO)l(H0 MeHbWYIO Be11111'-llllHY 0HOAHOe HanpR)l(eHllle, a 3aTeM B03HlllKWee 1113MeHeHllle TOKa KOMneHClllPYIOT 1113M9HeHllleM nOCTOSlHHOro HanpSl)l(9HlllSl Ha ceTKe. OTHOWeHllle
1113MeHeHlllSl aHOAHOrO Hanpsi)l(eHlllR K COOTBeTCTBYIOLl.\eMy 1113MeHeHllllO HanpSl)KeHlllSl Ha
CeTKe Ill eCTb KOScj>cpllll..\llleHT yc11111eHlllR 11aMnb1.

29

B

p~e m1Tepa'fYpHb1x 111cTO"IHlllKOB MO)KHO CTOJlKHYTbCSI BM0CTO napaMeTpa

paMeTpoM

D,

µ

c na-

KOTOpb1A HB3b1saeTCS1npoH111uaeMOCTb1011aMnb1.

CnEiAyeT aHaTi., "ITO 3T111 ABS napaMeTpa siensiiotcsi eali111MH0 06paTHb11'vl111 se11111"1111-

11aN1111,

T.

e.
1

a

µ= D'

1

D=µ·

noci1114111etif yblllJieli111R ecerAa 6011bwe eALiiHlllL\bl, npoHlllL\aeMocTb 06siaate11bi:to Sieilsietcs:i i.!111cho11A AP06Hb1M,
Hanp111Mep, r(j>llii.ij.teliTY yc1.1.neA111s:i

Ill,

a notdMy ee

"IBCTo sb1pa)Ka10T s npol..\eHTax.

so cooteefcteyeT npoH1114aeMocTb 1/50 11111111 2%.

HaKOH0L\, TpeTblllM B8)1(Hee1w111M riapaMeTpoM 11aMnb1 sis11sieTCS1 KPYTlll3Ha ee aHOA-

HOA xapaKTeplllCTlllKlll. 4T06bl cra11 nOHSITHblM Ill Hcir11SIAH61M CMblCJl 3TOrO CJlOBOCO"leTaHlllSI, pacCMOTPlllM OTA0JlbHO Ka~oe 1113 3TlllX CJlOB.
Co cnosoM «xapaKTep111cT111Ka» Mb1 y)Ke cT011KHy11111cb np111 aHa11111ae pa60Tb1 AlllOAa.
BepHeMcsi K p111c.

2

111 nocM0Tp111M BH111MaTe11bHO. Ha p111cyHKe 111ao6pa)KeHa He OAHa,

a nS!Tb OTA011bHblX xapaKTep111CTlllK aaBlllClllMOCTlll aHOAHOrO TOKa OT aHOAHOro HanpS!)K0HlllSI AJIS! nSITlll pa3HblX 3Ha"l0HlllA TeMnepa'fYpbl KaTOAa.
TaKOH rpa¢111K, COBM0~IOl.J..llllH B ce6e H0CKOJ1bKO xapaKreplllCTlllK nplll,OAHOM 1113M0HSllOl.J..l0MCSI, HO H01113M0HHblX OCTaJlbHblX napaMeTpax, Ha3blBaeTCSI

repvtCTlllK.

ceMeVtCTBOM xapaK-

B ,D,aHHOM C11Y"!a0 1113M0HS!JlaCb TeMnepa'fYpa KaTOAa, a ece OCTa11bHbl0 napa-

M0Tpb1 OCTaBaJllllCb H81113M0HHblMlll, B TOM "llllCJ10 (111 3TO AJISI Hae C0H"laC 6yA0T caMblM
rnaBHblM!) paCCTOS!Hllle Me~y aHOAOM Ill K8TOAOM.
Ho rnnepb Mbl y)Ke 3HaeM, "!TO 3TO paccTOS!Hllle OAH03Ha"IHO onpeAensieT crnneHb
aaBlllClllMOCTlll aHOAHOro TOKa OT aHOAHOrO HanpS!)K0HlllSI.

Ill

ec11111 6bl Mbl 3TO paCCTOS!Hllle

YM0HbWlllJ1111, TO np111 eoapacTaHllllll aHOAHOrO HanpS!)K0HlllSI Ha TY )1(0 B0Jllll"llllHY TOK "lepea
naMny BblPOC 6bl 3Ha"llllT0JlbHO 60J1bWe.

Ill

KaK TaKoe 111aMeHeH111e 0Tpa!311111ocb 6b1 Ha xapaKTep111cT111Ke AlllOAa? STo HBr11SIAHO

B""AHO 1113 p111c.

9,

Ha KOTOPOM KPlllBOH

A

COOTB0TCTBY0T OTHOClllT0JlbHO 60J1bWOe pac-

CTOS!Hllle Me~y BHOAQM Ill KBTOAOM, KPlllBOH

8 -

M0J10HbKOe paGCTOS!Hllle, a KPlllBOH

H0KOTOpoe npOM0)1(YTO"IH00 paCCTOSIHlll0.

P111e. 9. CeMeVicrso BHOAHblX xapaKrep111crnK AJlSI rpex AlllOAOB
c paaHoVi Kpyr111aH0Vi xapaKrep111crnK111

30

5-

1113 cpaeHeH"1SI 3TlllX Tpex xapaKTep"1CTlllK BlllAHO, l.fTO eAlllHCTBeHHOe I/IX pa3111111.fllle coCTOlllT e cTeneH111 HaKJ1oHa 11111111 111Hal.fe e KPYTlll3He xapaKTep111cT111K. OTCIOAa CTaHOB111Tcsi
noHSITHblM, noYeMy Tperniil onpeAe11si10L1.1111iil napaMeTp Ha3ea11111 KPYTlll3HOiil xapaKTep111cT111K111 Ill l.fTO lllMeHHO OH OTprutK111Ma ee 111Cn011b30BBHlllSI, Ill nOTOMY xapaKTep1113yeT
lllMeHHO caMy 118Mny, HO He 11aMnOBbliil KaCKaA B 1...1e110M. YTO >Ke KacaeTCSI TOl.fHOro MaTeM8Tllll.feCKOro onpeAeneH111S1 noHsiT111S1 KPYT1113Hbl ( o6o3HaYaeMoro 3amaeHoiil 11aT111HcKoiil
6yKBoiil

S),

TO OHO 3BYl.flllT TaK:

KpymuaHa xapa1cmepucmU1cu Jta.Mnbt no1eaa&t6aem, Ha
C1COJtb1CO .MeHstemca aHoaHbtU mole Jta.Mnbt npu U3.MeHeHUU
Hanpst:HCeHUst Ha cem1Ce Ha oauH 60Jtbm.

MaTeMaT111YecK111 3TO Bblpa>KaeTcsi cpopMy11oiil:

S= Ala

f!.Ug

(np111

Ua = const).

111TaK, Tenepb Mbl 3HaeM, l.fTO TBKOe BHy,-peHHee conpOTlllBJ1eH111e 118Mnbl, K03$4>1111...1111eHT yc11111eH111S1 111 KPYTlll3Ha ee xapaKTep111cT111K111. Ka>KAasi 1113 3Tlllx Be111111.f111H xapaKTep111ayeT 11aMny c KaKOiil-TO OAHOiil CTOPOHbl, HO OKa3blBB0TCSI, l.fTO Bee OHlll >K0CTKO CBSl3BHbl
Me)l(Ay co6oiil OAHOi1 38Mel.faTe11bHOi1 38BlllClllMOCtblO, KOTOpS.SI HB3blB80TCSI OCHOBHblM
ypaBH0Hlll0M naMnbl (11111111 ll!Hal.fe cpopMyllOiil 6apKray3eHa). 111 Bblf11SIAlllT 3Ta 3BBlllClllMOCTb TaK:

Ec11111 >Ke BMeCTO K03$KeT,
a lllMeeT M0CTO npo1...1ecc ynpaB119HlllSI 3HepreTllll.f0CKlllM nOTOKOM lllCTOl.fHlllKa n111TaHlllSI.

:31

YpoK 2. Ke np1r1H1r1MaeMoiii) np1r1 Tpe6yeMoiii AJlSI PaAlr10Be~aH1r1S1 nonoce nponycKaH111si B

9

Kru, Ill HepaBHOMepHOCTlr1

ALfX

B npeAenax 3TOiii nOJ10Cbl XOTSI 6bl nOPSIAKa

2... 3A6.
0AHOBpeMeHHO Mbl y6eAlllJ11r1Cb, "ITO B 3Ha"llr1TeJ1bHOiii Mepe c 3TOiii 3aAa"leiii MO>KeT
cnpaBlllTbCSI AByxKOHTYPHbliii nOJ10COBOiii lr1J1bTp c He3aBlllClllMb1Mlr1 (1>111111 TO"IHee -

cna-

6o3aBlllClr1MblMlll) OAlr1HO"IHblMlll KOHTYpaMlll, Hacn>a111BaeMblMlll Ha ABe 6J11113Klr1e, HO pa3Hble "laCTOTbl. nonY"latO~SICSI B 3TOM CJ1y"lae cyMMapHasi

ALfX

B OTJ11/l"llr1e OT OAHOrop6oiii

Kp111Boiii OAlllHO"IHoro KOHTYPa cTaHoB1r1Tcsi AByrop6oiii, a np1r1 npaB1r1J1bHOM Bb16ope A06poTHOCTlil Ka>KAOiii 1113 KaTYWeK, onrnMaJ1bHOiii CBSl3111 Me>KAY HlllMlll lr1 onpeAeneHHOM
«pa3HOCe>I "laCTOT lllX H8CTpOiiiKlll AByrop6asi Kp111BaS1 MO>KeT npeBpaTlllTbCSI B «nJ10CKOropbe», T. e. B HeKOTopoiii nonoce "laCTOT (Ha3blBaeMoiii nonocoiii nponycKaH111S1 lll11111 nonocoiii npo3p8"1HOCTl/l 111J1bTpa) Me>KAy ABYMSI rop6aMl/l OKIDKeTCSI COBC~M lllJ11r1 nO"ITlil
COBCeM nnOCKlr1iii y"laCTOK, "ITO COOTBeTCTByeT BeCbMa H03Ha"llllT0J1bHOiii HepaBHOMepHOCTlil

ALfX

BHYTPlr1 no11ocb1 nponycKaHlr1SI.

BnpO"leM, OA1r1H nonOCOBOiii 111J1bTp, AIDK0 O"leHb rpaMOTHO CKOHCTpy1r1poeaHHbliii,
MO>KeT o6ecne"llllTb lr136111paTeJ1bHOCTb OT COCeAHlllX CTaHU,lr1iii, AMeKO He OTBe"latO~ytO
COBpeMeHHblM Tpe6oeaHlr1SIM rocT Ha PaAlllOBe~TeJ1bHble np111eMHlllKlll.
Ho Aa>Ke He 3TO caMoe maBHOe. rnaeHoe COCTOlllT B TOM, "ITO np1r1 lr1CnOJ1b30BaHlr1111
nonocoeoro lllJ1bTpa B Ka"l0CTBe BXOAHOro ycTpoiiiCTBa B03Hlr1K8eT He06XOAlr1MOCTb OAHoepeMeHHOVl nepecTpOAKlll 060111x ero KOHTYPOB BO BCeM Alr1Bna30He nplr1Hlr1MaeMblX
"laCTOT.

A

3TO B CBOIO O"lepeAb Tpe6yeT np1r1MeHeHlr1SI B K8"10CTB0 opraHa HaCTPOVlKlr1

He OAlllHO"IHOro, a CABOeHHOrO KOHAeHCBTOpa nepeMeHHOiii eMKOCTlr1.
Mano Toro, Aa>Ke Ill B 3TOM CJ1Y"tae OKa3blBaeTCSI, "ITO lllAeaJ1bHSSI HSCTpoiiiKa nonocoBOro 1r111bTpa, 06ecne"l1r1eat0~S1 Clr1MMeTp1r1t0

ALfX

BHYTPlr1 no11ocb1 nponycKaH1r1S1, B03-

MO>KHa TOJ1bKO B HeKOTOpoVI OAHOiii TO"IKe WKanbl, nOCKOJ1bKY o6e KBTYWKlll lr1J1bTpa 1113HBYaJlbHO HaCTpOeHbl Ha pa3Hbl0 "laCTOTbl lr1 np111 nepecTpOVIKe nepeMeHHblM KOHAeHcaTOPOM, o6e ceKU,lr1111 KOToporo lr1MetOT OAlr1HaKOBytO eMKOCTb, 3Ta Clr1MM0TPlllSI He111a6e>KHO
6yAeT HapywaTbCSI, CBOASI Ha HeT maBHble AOCTOlllHCTBa nonOCOBOro lllJ1bTpa.
VIMeHHO nosToMy - 1113-3a HeB03MO>KHOCTlil 06ecne"l111Tb xopowyt0 1r1361r1paTeJ1bHOCTb
np1r1eMHlr1Ka no COC0AH1r1M KaHanaM npOCTble npllleMHlr1Klll npsiMoro yc11111eHlr1SI He nony"llllJ11r1 pa3BlllTlllSI AaJ1bW0 CXeMbl

2-V-2.

PeweH111e sToiii 3aAa"llr1 OKB3MOCb B03MO>KHblM nocne 1r1306peTeH1r1S1 cynepreTepoAlllHHoro MeTOAS np1r1eMa, c KOTOpblM Mbl n03HaKOMlr1MCSI n03>Ke.

A

noKa "ITO 3ai.:iMeMCSI

aHanlr130M pa60Tb1 paa111r1"1Hb1x peaoHaHCHblX c111CTeM, He yBS13b1BaS1 1r1x c peanbHb1M1r1 yc11oe1r1siM1r1, 1r1Met0L1.W1Mlr1CSI B Tex lr1J11r1 lr1HblX np1r1eMHlllKax.
3TOT aHaJ11113 He11136e)KHO H8BOA1r1T Ha AOBOJ1bHO npOCTYIO Mb!Cllb: ec11111 ABB CBSl38HHblX KOHTypa no lr136111paTeJ1bHOCTVI Ill HepaBHOMepHOCTVI

ALfX

ny"lwe, "leM 0Alr1H, TO,

MO>KeT 6b1Tb, TPlll CBSl3aHHblX KOHTYPB OKB)KYTCSI J1Y"IW0, "leM ABB,
"10M Tplll? no"leMy 6bl Ill HeT?

a "leTblpe e~e J1Y"IW0,

0Ka3bJBaeTCSI, "ITO 3Ta npocTaSI MblCJ1b BOBCe He J1111WeHa OCHOBaHlllSI. 6onee Toro,
OHa nema B OCHOBy C03A8HlllSI MHOr03BeHHblX pe30HaHCHblX Clr1CTeM, nOJ1Y"tlllBWlllX 06-

~ee Ha3BaHllle lllJ1bTPbl COCP0AOT0"10HHOJ/t C0J10Kll,lr11r1 (COKpa~eHHO - ct>CC), a e~e
K nosiB11eH111t0 TB0PAOT0J1bHblX nbe30KepaM111"lecK1r1x, KBapu,eBblX 111 psiAa APYrlllX
lllJ1bTPOB, B KOTOpblX HanepeA 3aASHHSSI OpMa ALfX Ha C8Mb10 pa3J1111"1Hbl0 "laCTOTbl
no3>Ke -

32

(OT coTeH Kr4 AO AeCffTKOB Mr4) 111 no11oca nponycKaH111ff 06ecne"1111sa11111cb 6e3 111cno11b30saH111ff KaTYW9K lllHAYKTlllBHOCTlll Ill, KaK CJ19ACTBllle, 6e3 He06XOAlllMOCTlll I/IX HaCTpOlllKlll.
PaccM0Tp111M sH111MaTe11bHO p111c.

10.

Ha HeM 111306pa)l(eHb1 Tpex3seHHblVI (c11eea) 111

"leTb1pex3eeHHb11il (cnpaea) ct>11111bTpb1 cocpeAOTO"leHHOVI ce11e1opMaTOpHoe) nOAK1110YeH111e BXOAHOro 111 BblXOAHOro KOHTypoe

Cl>CC.
noABOASl lllTOr CKa3aHHOMy, MO)l(HO YTBep)l(AaTb, YTO 3aAaYa 06ecneYeHll1Sl BblCOKOii!
11136111paTellbHOCTll1 no coceAH111M KaHaJlaM np111 npaKTlllYeCKll1 11I060iil HanepeA 3aAaHHOiil
no11oce nponycKaHll1Sl Ill YAOB11eTBOPlllTe11bHOiil HepaBHOMepHOCTlll A'-IX B npeAe11ax STOiil
n0110Cbl cpaBHll1Te11bHO 11erKO pewaeTCSl nyTeM nplllMeHeHlllSl no110COBblX cj>ll111bTpOB Ill
MHOr03BeHHblX

Cl>CC.

Ho BOT 6eAa: pew111e STY 3aAaYY, Mbl HlllCK011bKO He np111611111311111111Cb K u,e11111, KOTOPYIO
1113HaYa11bHO nepeA co6oiil nocTae11111111. A u,e11b y Hae 6b111a oYeHb sicHasi: 1113 orpoMHoro
Ko11111YecTea PM111ocrnHu,111iil, unp111HRTblX» aHTeHHOiil, Bb1Ae11111Tb 111 nponycTlllTb e np111eMHll1K OAHY-eAlllHCTBeHHYIO «Hawy» CTaHU,111!0 Ill OTCeRTb ece OCTallbHble, np111YeM B nepeylO
OYepeAb lllMeHHO ABe COCeAHllle, caMble 6111113Kllle.

l-1

np111 STOM o6ecneYlllTb STY cj>yHKU,llllO He Ha OAHOiil KaKoiil-TO cj>lllKClllPOBaHHOiil yac-

TOTe, a Ha ecex YaCTOTaX, npll1HlllMaeMblX npllleMHlllKOM, Aa K TOMy )Ke el.J..\e Ill He Ha OAHOM, a Ha HeCK011bKll1X All1ana30Hax. A AJlSl STOrO pe30HaHcHaR ClllCTeMa A011)1(Ha 6b1Tb
nepecTpa111eaeMoiil Ha 11io6yio YaCTOTY e npeAe11ax Alllana3oHa np111H111MaeMb1x eo11H.
0AHaKo Mbl ~e e111Ae11111, YTO Aa>Ke e c11yYae 111cno11b30BaH111si caMoro npocToro no110coeoro cj>lllllbTpa AJlSl STOro H~eH KaK MlllHlllMYM CABOeHHbliil KOHAeHcaTOp nepeMeHHOiil
eMKOCTlil.

Aris; TpeX3BeHHOro Cl>CC TaKOiil

HblM, a AJlSl YeTblpex3BeHHOro -

KOHAeHcaTOp A011>KeH 6b1Tb Y>iKe Ill B STOM c11yyae lllAe-

a11bHOe comacoeaHllle HaCTpoeK KOHTYPOB, BXOARLI..\lllX B

CC,

6yAeT o6ecneYlllBaTbCSl

T011bKO B OAHOM no11o>KeHll1lll pOTOPOB 6110Ka nepeMeHHblX KOHAeHcaTopoe, a 11106b1e
Apyrne ero no11o>KeH111R 6YAYT np111BOAlllTb K paccomacoeaH11110, KOTOpoe e AByx KpaiilHlllX
no11o>KeHlllSlX KOHAeHCaTOpa AOCTlilrHeT coeepweHHO HeAOnyCTlllMblX 3HaYeHllliil.
HaM OCTaeTCSl T011bKO nplll3HaTb, YTO B npllleMHlllKaX nps:tMOro yc11111eHlllSl Hawa u,e11b
OCTaeTCSl HeOCYLI..\eCTBll1MOiil. l'1HblMlll C110BaMlll, HlllKaKaR npaKT111YecKaR pe30HaHCHaR ClllCTeMa, 6YAYYlll yCTaHOB11eHHOiil Ha BXOAe np111eMHlllKa nps:tMoro yc11111eHlllSl, He MO)l(eT
o6ecneYll1Tb xopowylO 11136111paTellbHOCTb no COCeAHeMy KaHa11y.
6011ee Toro, Aa>Ke B cynepreTePOA111HHblX np111eMHlllKax STO OKa3blBaeTCSl HeB03MO>KHO.

l-1

nosTOMY 3aAaYY ¢opM111poeaH111si A'-IX ecero PMlllOTpaKTa en110Tb AO AeTeKTopa

«OT06pa11111» y BXOAHblX u,eneiil Ill nepeAa11111 cneU,lllaJlbHOMy, HOBOMY cj>yHKU,lllOHallbHOMy
y311y, KOTOporo B np111eMH111Kax np>1Moro yc11111eHlllSl He 6bl110.
STOT cj>yHKU,1110Ha11bHbliil y3e11 Ha3blBaeTCSl TpaKTOM npoMe>KYTOYHOiil YaCTOTbl Ill BKJllOYaeT B ce6>1, KaK npae111110, HeCK011bKO KaCKaAOB yc11111eHlllSl npoMe>KYTOYHOiil YaCTOTbl
(Yn'-1) Ha paA111011aMnax, TpaH3111CTopax 11111111 MillKpocxeMax, 06ecneY111Bat01.J..\ll1X yc11111eH111e
np111HsiToro c111rna11a AO ypoeHsi, Tpe6yeMoro A11R scj>cj>eKTlllBHOiil pa60Tb1 AeTeKrnpa,
Ha6op pe30HaHCHblX KOHTYPOB 11111111 TBePAOTellbHblX cj>ll111bTPOB, 06ecneY111BalOLI..\lllX ¢opM111poeaH111e HanepeA 3aAaHHOili cj>OpMbl A'-IX B COOTBeTCTBll1111 C Tpe60BaHlllSlMlll

rOCT,

a rnK>Ke PRA aeT0MarnyecK111x perym1poeoK, 06ecneY111Bat01.J..\lllX coxpaHeH111e cTa611111bHOcrn OCHOBHblX «nOTpe6111T011bCKll1X» noKa3aTe11eiil np111 nepecTpOiliKe np111eMHlllKa c OAHOiil
crnHu,111111 Ha Apyryio.
060 BCeM STOM Mbl 6yAeM nOAP06HO roeoplllTb Ha OAHOM 1113 ClleAYIOLI..\lllX 3aHRTllliil,
noCBSll.J..\eHHblX 3HaKOMCTBY c cynepreTepOAlllHHblM MeTOAOM np111eMa paAll10Cll1rH8110B.
'-ITO )Ke KacaeTCSl BXOAHO!li u,en111 np111eMHll1Ka, TO B Heiil KaK Ill npe)l(Ae OCTa11CSl TaK H83~1eaeMbliil BXOAHOlll nepecTpa111eaeMbli;1 KOHTyp, HaCTpa111BalOLI..\llliilCR np111 epal.J..\eHll1111 OClll
nepeMeHHOro KOHA0HCaTOpa B pe30HaHC Ha YaCTOTy npll1HlllMaeMoiil. CTaHU,111111, OAHaKO
Tenepb OT Hero nepeCTa11111 Tpe6oeaTb BblCOKYIO 11136111paTellbHOCTb, paBHOMepHOCTb
A'-IX, «orpaHll1YlllB» ero 3aAaYeili npeABap111Te11bHOVI ceneKu,111111, T. e. «Bb111ae11111eaH111eM»
c111rHa11a np111H111MaeMOili CTaHU,111111 1113 CMec111 ClllrHaJlOB, npll1HSlTblX aHT8HHOiil.
BOT Ha STOM Mbl, nO)l(811yili, cerOAHSl Ill OCTaHOBlllMCSl.

34

KoHTpO/IbHbie BonpocbI
1. KaKHe HOBble B03MO)l(H0CT/11 naMnbl OTKPblBa/OTCfl npH BB0,q8HH/11 B ee
tKAY co6otii CTeneHb Bl1HRHHR Ha
aHOP,Hblff TOK ceTK/11,,, aHOP,a,,, HX paccTORHHfl OT KBTo,tJ,a?

4.

"ITO TaKoe npOHHL{aeMOCTb pap,HonaMnbl, B KBKHX eP,HH/111.{BX OHa
Bblpa)l(aeTCfl ,,, KaK 3TOT napaMeTp CBR3aH c nOHRTHeM K03KaB"lll!Hbl, >Kll!pa,
OKlllCHOi,:t nneHKll!, noc11e "lero He MeHee T~T011bHO npOMblTa paCTBOPOM CTlllpanbHOro
nopowKa, O"llll~eHa OT C11eAOB nopowKa B npOTO"IHO~ BOA0 II! BbtcyweHa AO no11Horo
yAaneH1.1si cneAOB e11ar111. Ansi o6e3>1KaB"lll!Hbl, OKll!CHaSI nneHKa 1111111! OKClllAHOe noKpblTllle YAanSllOTCSI MexaHll!"leCKlll, nYTeM
COCKa6n1.1eaHlllSI OCTPblM HO>KOM, wa6epoM lllnll! Me11K030PHlllCToi,:t HIDl(Aa"IHO~ 6yMaro~.
Mac11siHasi KpacKa 1.1 naK111 YAanS110Tcsi 6eH311!HOM, a Hll!TPOKpacK1.1 - "lll!CTblM a~eTOHOM.
2. Ansi nOBblWeHlllSI npO"IHOCTlll Klleeeoro COeAlllH0Hll!SI lllAeanbHO maAKlllX noeepxHOCTe~ (non1.1poeaHHbl~ MeTa1111, oprcTeKllo), a TaK>Ke Aepeea 1.1 KapTOHa cK11e111eaeMb1e
Mecrn HaAO npeAeap1.1TenbHO «3awepoxoeaT111Tb», o6pa6orne 1.1x pawn1.1J1eM, HaAQ>11111eM, a6pa311!BHO~ WKYPKO~ - e 3ae1.1c111MocT111 OT MaTep111ana. CK11e1.1eaeMb1e noeepxHoCTlll 11!3 non111CTll!po11a 3a 10-15 Mll!HYT AO CKllell!BaHll!SI >1KAy HlllMll! 6bl110 KaK MO>KHO MeHbWe
6yropKOB Ill BnaAll!H, yMeHbWalO~ll!X n01103HYIO nnO~aAb conp11KOCHOB0HlllSI.
4. np111 nl06blX Bll!AaX CK110111BaHlllSI KJlej.:t A011>K0H HaHOClllTbCSI npeAenbHO TOHKlllM II!
paeHOMepHblM c11oeM. HY>KHO 3anoMHlllTb pa3 1.1 HaecerAa, "ITO t5i:.tTY10~ee MHeH1.1e «"leM
6011bWe K110SI, TeM 11Y"IWe», OWll!60"IHO.

5. HlllKOrAa H0nb3SI cnew111Tb npoeepSITb npO"IHOCTb Klleeeoro Q00All!HeHlllSI - CKlleeHHble noeepxHOCTll! 11y...we ecero «OCTaBll!Tb e noKoe» no Kpai,:tHe~ Mepe Ha CYTKll!, Aa>lKy, TKaHb B 111060M CO'leTaHVIVI. Ha o6e3)1(VlpeHHble noeepxHOCTlr1 KJlei'.1 HaHOCRT poeHblM TOHKVIM cnoeM, cpaay >Ke COeAVIHRIOT VIX VI nnOTHO C>KVIMalOT CTpy61.4V1HOili, B TVICKaX

l'1 XOTR C'lVITaeTCR, "ITO KJlei'.1 «CXBaTblBaeT»
~e 'lepea 20-30 MVIHYT, nyr.iwe OCTaBVITb AeTallb B TVICKax AO nonHoro BblCblXaHVIR KJleR
(Ha CYTKVI).
KneH cc&CZ,-21> H cc6Cl»-4». 06a KJleR np0AHa3Ha'leHbl AJ1R CKJleVIBaHVIR MeTannOB,
nnaCTMacc, Aepeea, CTeKJla, KepaMVIKVI, KO>KVI VI pa3J1Vl"lalOTCR B OCHOBHOM ycnOBVIRMVI
3KCn11yaTa1.4V1V1 KJleeHHblX COeAVIHeHVlili. «6-2» npVIMeHRIOT, KOrAS Tpe6yeTCR BblCOKaR
enaro- VI TennocToi1KOCTb 1K0, 'leM npVI HarpeeaHVIVI.
noMVIMO 3TVIX AByx Knees Cyll,\eCTByeT ell,\e KJlei'.1 cc6Cl»-6», npeAHa3Ha'leHHbli'.1 B OCHOBHOM AJ1R c1KVIMaIOT MeCTO CKJleiliKVI Ha 5-6 r.iacoe, OAHaKO npVlnaraTb K MeCTY COeAVIHeHVIR MexaHVl'leCKVle YCVIJlVIR He peKOMeHAYeTCR AO VICTe'l0HVIR CYTOK.
YHHBepcanbHbli Kllei «MOM8HT•b OTJ1Vl'lHO CKJ1eV1eaeT C8Mble pa3Hble MaTepVlaJlbl B Jll06blX CO'leTaHVIRX, OAHaKO B OTJ1Vl"IVl0 OT «YHVIKyMa» OH orHeonaceH VI B KaKoili-TO
Mepe TOKCVl'leH,. n03TOMY nonb3oeaTbCR VIM C110AyeT B npoeeTpVleaeMOM noMell,\eHVIVI
VI BA811VI OT OTKpbtToro orHR.
Knei'.1 noCTYnaeT B npOA8)1(y VICKJ1IO"llllT011bHO B TI06VIK8X, HS KOTOpblX nOAP06Ho pacnVICaHa peKoMeHAyeMaR T0XH0110rlr1R CKJ1eV1eaHVIR.
Knei cc88·H». 0TJ11r1'-1Hblili KJlei'.1 AJ1R npVIKJ1eVIB8HVIR pe3VIHbl, KO>KVI VI Aepeea K l\lleTanny. no BVIAY VIKOHCVICTeHl,4VIVI OH HanOMVIHaeT CTaHA8PTHblili «CanO>KHblili» pe3VIH0Bbli'.1
KJlei'.1, OTJlVl"laRCb OT nocneAHero CBeTllblM >Kemo-KOPVl"IHeBblM 1.4eeTOM. TaK >Ke, KaK VI
pe3VIH0Bbli'.1 KJ1e171, OH «TRHeTCR» AJlVIHHblMVI TOHKVIMVI HVITRMVI BCJleA aa nanor.iKOl'.1 VlllVI
IQllCTO'lKOili, "ITO HMO yYV1Tb1BaTb npV1 nonbaoeaHVIVI VIM. B npoAa)l(e KJlei'.1 «88-H» ecTper.iaeTcR B TI06VIK8X VlllVI CTeKJlRHHblX 6aHK8X c nnOTHO npVlrHaHHOili npo6Koi1.
VlllVI nOA AOCTaTO"IHO TR>KeJlblM rpyaoM.

c

37

npM OTCyTCTBMM AOCTyna B03Ayxa MO>K0T coxpaHRTbCSI rO,D,aMlll, XOTSI cy~eCTeyeT
0111L1111a11bHb1ili rapaHT111iliHb1ili cpoK ero xpaHeH111s:1. np111 3arycTeBaH111111 KJleili MO)l(HO pa36ae11s:1Tb 6eH30110M AO KOHClllCTSHL.1111111 >KlllAKOi1 CM0TaHbl.
np111 cK11e111eaH111111 pe3111Hy 11111111 Apyroili np111K11e111eaeMb1'1 MaTep111an noc11e T~Te11bHO­
ro o6e3>KlllPlllBaHlllSI c nOMO~blO KlllCTO"IKlll HaMa3blBalOT TOHKlllM C1100M KJ10SI Ill AalOT eMy
BblCOXHYTb B T0"10Hlll0

5 MlllHyr.

3aTeM HaHOCSIT TaKlllM >Ke o6pa30M BTOpoili c11oili Ha np111-

KJ10111BaeMylO A0Ta11b 11 nepBb1171 c11oili Ha MeTaJ111. 06a C110SI cywaT

5-6 MlllHYT AO n011HOro

«OT11111naH111s:1» cyxoro "llllCToro na11bl.la, noc11e Ke

ecex 3TlllX KJ100B J10>KlllT, KaK npaBl.1110, CM0-

TaH006pa3Hblili paCTBOP caMlllX 3TlllX MaTep111anoe (n011111CTlllPOJ1bHas:i 11111111 n11eKc111rnacoeas:1 CTp~Ka) B TOM 11111111 lllHOM 6blCTP0110TY"l0M pacTBOPlllT0110 (al.leTOHe, AlllX110p3TaHe
Ill AP.). np111B8A8M H9CK011bKO Ha1116011ee pacnpocTpaHeHHblX P0l.10nTOB.
Kne111 AJlR cK11e111eaH111s:1 Me)l(,D,y co6oili ASTaneili 1113 n11eKc111rnaca.

1.

0AHY KKY n110KCl/lrnacoBblX on111110K (B 3aBlllClllMOCTlll

OT noTpe6HOCTlll) paCTBOPSllOT n011HOCTblO, 6e3 OCa,D,Ka, B AlllX110P3T0He np111 KOMHaTHOili
TeMnepaType AO no11y"l8HlllSI a6C011IOTHO npo3pa"IHOrO «Clllpona».
>Ke11aT011bHO roTOBlllTb KJ10ili B K011111"10CTB0, He06XOAlllMOM AJlSI OAHOpa3oeoro np111M8H8HlllSI.

B

npOTlllBHOM C11y"!ae OCTaBWllliliCSI KJ18ili xpaHlllTb B CT0KJ1SIHHOili nOCYA0 c n110T-

HO np111TepTOili npo6KOili.

Ilpeaynpe:HCaenue! qucmbtu auxJtopaman m01ccuiten, no
amo.My cJteayem ua6ezamb Ba&ixanua. ezo napo6 u nonaaanua 1eaneJtb na 1eo:J1Cy py1e.

2.

TaKoe )1(0 Ko11111KHO 39M9HlllTb TaKlllM )1(0 K0-

11111"10CTBOM 3Tlll11aL1eTaTa.

B
A040

3.

noc11eAH8M c11y"lae >1KHOCTb MHOrOKpaTHO «yc111n111eaTb» cna6b1e 3neKTp111"!eCK111e c111rHanb1 e npoi..tecce 3KcnnyaTai..t111111 o"leHb cKopo Bb1sie111n111 111 ero
O"leBlllAHbli;\ HeAOCTaTOK: 6onbWYIO «npOXOAHYIO» eMKOCTb aHOA-CeTKa, 1113MepsieMylO
eAlllH111LtaMlll net> 111 npensiTCTBYIOW.YIO nony"leHll1IO yCTOl;\"1111BOro yc111neHll'SI Ha BblCOKlllX paA1110"laCTOTax (KOPOTKll1X BOnHax), a TaK>Ke OTHOClllTenbHO Hlll3Kll1i'I K03$$111i..tVleHT yc111neHlllSI, He npeBblWalOW.llli'I HeCKOnbKll1X AeCSITKOB, "!TO aacTae111no KOHCTPYKTOPOB lllCKaTb
nyTlll K npeOAOneH111IO 3TlllX HeAOCTaTKOB.
nepeoHa"laJlbHO 6bina nOnblTKa noMeCTlllTb Me>KAY ceTKOi'I Ill aHOAOM HeK111i'I 3a3eMneHHbli'I 3KpaH. ¢11131/!Ka Aei'ICTBll1SI TaKoro 3KpaHa COCTOS!na B TOM, "!TO B 3TOM cny"!ae
eMKOCTb Me)l(Ay aHOAOM Ill ceTKOi'I KaK 6bl paa6111eanacb Ha ABe OTAenbHble, COeA111HeHHble nocneAOBaTenbHO eMKOCTlll: eMKOCTb aHOA-3KpaH 111 eMKOCTb 3KpaH-ceTKa.

A KaK

1113BeCTHO, o6w.asi eMKOCTb AByx nocneAOBaTenbHO COeAll1HeHHblX KOHAeHcaTopoe ecerAS MeHbWe Ha111MeHbWei'l 1113 Hll1X.
PaayMeeTcsi, KOHCTPYK1..t111si 3KpaHa AOn>KHa 6b1Tb TaKoi'I, "IT06bl oHa He npensiTcTeoeana CB060AHOMy nponeTY 3neKTPOHOB OT KaTOAa K aHOAY· Ha1116onee npOCTblM Ill ecTeCTBeHHblM 6b1no peweH111e noMeCTlllTb Me)l(Ay aHOAOM 111 ynpaensiiow.ei'I ceTKOi'I BTOpylO
TaKylO >Ke ceTKy. Ee TaK 111 Haaean111: 3KpaHHasi (111n111 3KpaHvipyiow.asi) c~TKa. PaaMecrnn111
ee rAe-TO nocpeAll1He Me>KAY ynpaensiiow.ei'I CeTKOi'I 111 aHOAOM Ill CHa6A111n111 caMOCTOSlTenbHblM BblBOAOM.
BHa"lane 3TY ceTKY nb1Tan111cb 3a3eMnll1Tb 111n111 coeAlllHlllTb c KElTOAOM, HO BblSICHlllnoCb, "!TO ee OTPll1i..taTenbHbli'I noTeH1..t111an TOnbKO TOPM03111T 3neKTPOHHbli'I nOTOK, CHlll>Kasi 111 6ea Toro He6onbwoi71 K03$Kll1TenbHbli'I noTeHi..tll1an, "IT06bl 3neKTPOHHbli'I noTO~ He TOnbKO
He TOPM03111nCSI, HO Ill nony"lan AOnOnHll1TenbHbli'I «pa3roH», yee11111"1111Basi aHOAHbli'I TOK.

A "IT06bl BTOpasi ceTKa npOAOn>Kana BblnOnHSITb CBOIO OCHOBHYIO 4>YHKL.t111IO 3neKTpOCTaT111"leCKOro 3KpaHa, ee «383eMn111n111» c nOMOW.blO KOHAeHCaTOpa AOCTaTO"IHO 6onbWOi71
eMKOCTll1.

40

Pe3ynbTaT npeB30wen see O:lKll'IAaHll'lff. 0All'IH 11'13 CaMblX nepBblX TeTPOAOB (a ll'IMeHHO
TaK Ha3Ban111 HOBYIO '"leTblpexsneKTPOAHYIO SKpaH111posaHHYIO naMny) OTe'"leCTBeHHoro
npOll'l3BOACTBa CEi-154 (111n111 231 no HOBO!il Knacc111¢>111Ka4111111) 111Men ¢>aHTacrn'"leCK111e no
TeM speMeHaM napaMeTpbl. npoXOAHaff eMKOCTb yMeHbWll'lnaCb c 5 net> AO 0,005 (!) nct>,
BHYTPeHHee conpornsneH111e so3pocno c 30 KOM AO 1,3 MOM, a Kos¢>¢>1114111eHT yc111neHll'lff npesb1c111n 1000! STO CTano peson104111e!il, npopblBOM B C03AaHll'lll'I pa.q111oannapaTYpb1 cneAYIOLI..\ero noKoneHll'lff.
SKpaH111posaHHaff naMna cpa3y :lKe 111 6ecnosopOTHO BblTecH111na TPll'IOAbl 1113 pa.q111o'"laCTOTHoro TpaKTa 11'1 CAenana B03MO:lKHblM MBCCOBOe npOll'l3BOACTBO pa.q111onp111eMHll'IKOB
npHMoro yc111neH111H c All'lana30HaM111 Ailll'IHHblX 111 CPeAHll'IX sonH (SKJl, S"IC-2, S"IC-3,
Clil-235), CTaBWll'le MaCCOBblMll'I B cepeAll'IHe 30-x rOAOB. xapaKTepHblM WTp111x: 6yKBa «S»
B Ha3BaHll'lffX 3Tll'IX np111eMHll'IKOB 0603Ha'"lana ll'IMeHHO cnoso «3KpaHll'IPOBaHHblM», a nonHOCTblO Ha3BBHll'le pacw111¢>pOBblBanoCb TaK: «3KPBHll'IPOBaHHblM, '"leTblpexnaMnOBblM,
ceTeBOM».
Csoe Ha3BaH111e «SKPBH111posaHHaH naMna» HOBble TeTPOAbl onpaBAblBan111 ell.le 111
TeM, '"ITO Allff yMeHbWeHll'lff Bnll'IHHll'lff BHeWHll'IX none!il BHYTPeHHffff '"laCTb 111x 6annoHa noKpb1sanacb pacnblnffeMOM nneHKOH MeTanna 111n111 TOHKOM MeTann111'"1eCKOM ceTKOH, coeAll'IHeHHOH BHYTPlll 6annoHa c KaTOAOM.
3Ta TP8Alll411'1ff coxpaH111nacb 111 s AanbHe'1weM, 111 caMble nocneAHll'le cospeMeHHb1e
OTe'"leCTBeHHble TeTPOAbl (6S5n, 6S6n, 6315n) ll'IMelOT nOMll'IMO 3KpaHHOH ceTKll'I ~LI.le 11'1
BHYTPeHHll'IH CTBTll'l'"leCKll'l!il 3KpaH, coep,111HeHHblM BHYTPll'I naMnbl c KBTOAOM 111n111 Aa:lKe
ll'IMelOLI..\ll'IM OTAenbHblM CBMOCTOSITenbHblW BblBOA (6S6n).
,lJ,pyrnM HOBWeCTBOM B npo4ecce cosepweHCTBOBaHll'lff TeTPOAOB CTano ll'ICnOnb30BaHll'le TaK Ha3blBaeMoro ny'"lesoro np111H4111na ¢>opMll'lpOBaHll'lff nOTOKB sneKTPOHOB,
COCTOffBWero B TOM, '"ITO ynpasnfflOll.laff 11'1 3KpaHHaff ceTKll'I TeTpOAa BblnOnHffnll'ICb a6conlOTHO ll'IAeHTll'l'"IHblMll'I, T. e. 1113 OAll'IHBKOBO!il nposonoKll'I, c OAll'IHaKOBblM waroM 111 '"lll'ICnoM
Bll'ITKOB, pa3nw1affCb TOnbKO All'laMeTpaMll'I snn111nca. np111 3TOM CeTKll'I pacnonaranll'ICb Ha
KpenffLI..\ll'IX Tpasepcax TBKll'IM o6pa30M, '"ITO Bll'ITKll'I 3KPBHHOH ceTKll'I pacnonaranll1Cb TO'"lHO npOTll'IB Bll'ITKOB ynpaBnfflOU,\etil ceTKll'I 11'1 KaK 6bl «npffTBnll'ICb» 3a ee Bll'ITKaMll'I.
B pe3ynbTSTe sneKTPOHbl no nYTll'I K aHOAY «Orll'l6an111» BlltTKll'I 3KpaHHOM CeTKll'I, He
OCeAaff Ha He!il 11'1 He C03AaBaff 3KpaHHOro nOCTOffHHOrO TOKa. 0AHOBpeMeHHO «C:lKaTble»
s y3K111e ny'-1111 sneKTpOHbl ysen111'"1111san111 nnoTHOCTb sneKTpOHHoro noToKa HacTOnbKO, '"ITO
B npoMe:lKYTKe Me)l(Ay 3KpaHHOM ceTKOH 11'1 aHOAOM o6pa30Bb1Banacb ¢>11'1KTll'IBHaff, Bll1PTYBnbHBff o6naCTb, ll'IMelOU,\aff noTeH4111an Hll'l:lKe BHOAHOro 11'1 npenffTCTBYIOLI..\Bff B03Hll'IKHOBeHll'llO «All'IHaTpOHHOrO» BCTpe'"IHOrO nOTOKa sneKTPOHOB.
B naMnoso'1 paA111oannapaType nocneAHll'IX neT, npeAwecTsosasw111x MaccosoMy
BHeApeHll'llO nonynpOBOAHll'IKOBOM sneMeHTHOM 6a3bl, TeTPOAbl BblnOnHffnll'I cneAYIOLI..\ll'le
¢>YHK4111111: yc111n111Ten111 HanpH:lKeHll'lff Vi MOU,\HOCTll'I BblCOKOtil '"laCTOTbl B np111eMHll'IKBX 11'1 nepeAaT'"lll'IKax, yc111n111Ten111 MOLI..\HOCTll'I s Y3"1, reHepaTOpb1 111 OKoHe'"IHble yc111n111Ten111 B cxeMax CTPO'"IHOM 11'1 K8APOBOM pa3sepTOK TeneBll'l30POB 11'1 MOHll'ITOPOB, OKOHe'"IHble Wll'IPOKOnonocHble yc111n111Ten111 HanpH:lKeHll'lff (s B11tAeoc111cTeMax 111 Tenes1113opax). Cne4111anbHble
reTPOAbl 111cnonb30BBnll1Cb B Ka'"leCTBe peryn111py10LI..\ll'IX naMn B cxeMax BblCOKOBOnbTHblX
CTa6111n1113aTOPOB HanpH:lKeHlllff (6315n).
SneKTp11t'"leCK111e xapaKTep111crnK111 TeTPOAOB nocneAHll'IX BblnycKoB ne:lKaT B npeAenax:
µ 240 ... 2350, = 1,6... 30,5 MA/B, R, = 2,5 ... 150 KOM, none3Haff BblXOAHaff MOLI..\HOCTb
PeblX - OT eAll'IHll'l4 AO 35 BT (y TeTPOAa 6n42C).
Ka3anOCb 6bl, BCeM xopow TeTPOA: 11'1 yc111neH111e y Hero orpOMHOe, 11'1 eMKOCTb npoXOAHaff ManeHbKaff, 11'1 pa6oTaeT OH Ha PaAll'IO'"laCTOTax YCTOM'"lll'IBO, HO 11'1 y Hero BCKOpe
o6HaPY:lK111nll'ICb HeAOCTaTKll'I, KOTOpblX He 6bln0 A8)1(e y TPll'IOAOB. A nOffBll'lnll'ICb STiii HeAOCTaTKll'I scneACTBll'le AByx npll'l'"lll'IH.
Mbl Y:lKe ynoM11tHan111, '"ITO nocTOHHHoe HanpH:lKeH111e Ha sKpaH111py10LL1e!il ceTKe y TeTPOAa o6bl'"IHO Bb16111paeTCff rAe-To Me)l(Ay 2/3 111 nonHblM HanpH:lKeH111eM aHOAHOro ll'ICTO'"I-

=

s

41

HVIK8 VI B AaJ'lbHe£1weM OCTaeTCR Helll3MeHHblM BO BCex pe>KVIM8X pa6oTbl T8TPOAa. A Hanpst)l(8Hlll8 Ha aHOA8, HanpOTVIB, MeHR8TCR B AlllHaMVl'feCKOM pe>K111Me (npVI HanVILflllVI CVlrHana «paCKa'fKVI» Ha ynpaBnRIOW,e£1 CeTKe) B AOBOnbHO WVIPOKVIX npeAenax.
B pe3ynbTaTe BO BP8MR OTpVlu,aTenbHOro nonynepVIOAa BXOAHOro CVlrHana TOK Lfepe3
naMny MVIHVIManbHbl'1, naA8HVIR Hanpst>K8HVIR Ha aHOAHOiii Harpy3Ke nOLfTlll HeT, VI Hanpst>KeHVle Ha aHOAe CTaHOBVITCR 6nVl3KVIM r nonHOMY Hanpst>KeHllllO VICTOLfHlllKa nV1TaHVIR
(T. e. 6onbwe Hanpsi>KeHVIR Ha sKpaHHOiii ceTKe).
A BO BpeMR nonO>KVITenbHOro nonynepVIOAa aHOAHbliii TOK MaKCVIManeH, naAeHVle Hanpst>KeHVIR Ha Harpy3Ke 6onbwoe, e pe3ynbTaTe Hanps:i>KeHVle Ha aHOAe naAaeT, K npVlMepy, AO nonOBVIHbl Hanpsi>KeHlllR aHOAHOro VICTOLfHVIKa, T. e. CTaHOBVITCR MeHbWe HanpR>KeHVIR Ha 3KpaHHOiii CeTKe, LfTO B KOpHe MeHReT xapaKTep aHOAHOro TOKa.
BeAb AnR neTRW.VIX sneKTpOHOB coBepweHHO 6eapasnVILfHO, KaK Ha3blBaeTCR sneKTPOA: aHOA VlnVI 3KpaHHast ceTKa. OH111 neTRT TYAa, rAe 6onbWVliii nonO)((V1TenbH'b1£1 noTeHL!lllan, T. e. y>Ke He K aHOAY. a K 3KpaHHOiii ceTKe, B pe3ynbTaTe Lfero aHOAHbliii TOK yMeHbwaeTCR Ha BenVILfVIHY, Ha KOTOPYIO B03pacTaeT TOK 3KpaHHOiii CeTKlll.
3TO npVIBOAVIT K TOMy, LfTO Ha aHOAHOiii xapaKTepVICTVIKe TeTPOAa nosiensteTCR xapaKTepHbliii npoBan B o6nacrn HV13KVIX aHOAHblx Hanpst>KeHVliii, xopowo BVIAHbliii Ha ceMeiiiCTBe aHOAHblX xapaKTepVICTVIK nio6oro TeTpOAa.
Ho cyw,ecTByeT VI APYrasi np111LfV1Ha, Vl3-3a KOTopoiii aHOAHbliii TOK yMeHbwaeTcst He
TOnbKO npVI HVl3KVIX aHOAHblX Hanpst)((eHVIRX, HO KaK paa npVI HaVl60nbWVIX. 3Ta npVILfVIHa
COCTOVIT B TOM, LfTO npVI Hanpst)((eHlllRX Ha 3KpaHHOiii ceTKe, 6nlll3KlllX K Haflpst>KeHVllO VICTOLfHVIKa, VI MaKCVIManbHOM aHOAHOM Hanpst)((0HVllll sneKTpOHbl paarOHRIOTCR AO TaKlllX
CKOPOCTeiii, LfTO VIX KVIHeTVILfeCKOiii 3Heprvilll OKa3blBaeTCR AOCTaTOLfHO AnR Toro, LfT06bl
«Bbl6VITb» c noBepxHocrn aHoAa TaK Ha3blBaeMble BTOPVILfHble CB060AHbte sneKTPOHbl,
nocKOnbKY npVI 60nbWVIX 3Ha'feHVIRX aHOAHOro TOKa MeTannVILf0CKVliii aHOA 3Ha'fVITenbHO
pa3orpeBaeTCR, a Vl3BeCTHO, LfTO 'f0M BbtWe T0Mnep8TYP8 MeTanna, TeM cna6ee CBR3b
c HVIM sneKTPOHOB Ha ero noeepxHOCTVI.
B pe3ynbTaTe HenpepblBHoiii 6oM6apAVIPOBKVI noBepxHOCTVI aHOAa nepBVl'·tHbtMVI
sneKTPOHaMVI c 3TOiii noeepxHOCTlll Ha'fVIHaeT Bbln0TaTb SH8LflllT0nbHOe 'fVICnO BTOPVILfHblX
sneKTPOHOB, VIMelOW,VIX onpeAeneHHbliii aanac KVIH0TlllLf0CKOiii 3Heprvi111 Ill BeKTop ycKopeHVIR, HanpaBneHHbliii OT 8HOA8.
5YAYLfVI OTpVlu,aTenbHO 3apst>KeHHblMVI, 3Tlll sneKTpOHbl nonaASIOT B YCKOPRIOW,ee
none nonO>KVITenbHO 38PR>KeHHOiii 3Kp8HHOiii C0TKlll Ill C03,D.SIOT B ea ~en111 nOCTORHHbliii
TOK, HanpaBneHHbliii HaBCTpe'fy OCHOBHOMY 8HOAHOMY TOKY. 3TOT «BTOPVILfHbliii» TOK KSK
6bl Bbl'fVITSeTCR Vl3 o6w,ero aHOAHOrO TOKa, LfTO npVIBOAlllT K nORBn0HVllO BTOporo «npoBana» Ha aHOAHOiii xapaKTepVICTVIKe, HO Y*0 np111 6onbWlllX Hanpfl>K0HVIRX Ha 8HOAe.
3TO RBneHVle H83blBaeTCR AMH8TPOHHblM acl>cl>eKTOM, Ill 60pb6a c 3TVIM seKTOM
npVIBena K C03A8HVllO nsirnsneKTPOAHOiii naMnbl - neHTOAa.
neHTOA OTnVILfaeTCR OT TeTPOA8 TOnbKO HanVILfVleM AOnOnHlllT0nbHOiii, TpeTbeiii C0TKVI,
pacnono>KeHHOiii Me>KAY 3KpaHHOiii ceTKOiii Ill 8HOAOM Ill 06bl'fHO COeAV1HR8MOiii c KaTOAOM. lllHOrAa TSKOe COeAV1HeHV1e ocyw,ecTBnReTCR npRMO BHYTPVI 6annoHa naMnbl (HanpVIMep, B neHTOASX 6)1(1n, 6)1(325, 6)1(33A, 6)1(38n VI Ap.), HO LfSW,e TP9TbR CeTKa VIMeeT OTAenbHbliii, CaMOCTORTenbHbliii BblBOA, "'ITO n03BOnsteT cyw,eCTBeHHO paCWVIPVITb 06naCTb VICnOnb30BaHVIR neHTOAOB.
lllMeR noTeHL!lllan KaTOAa, T. e. 6YAYLfVI KaK VI BbtneTeBwllle Vl3 tKeHHOiii, TpeTbR ceTKa «OTT8nKlllBaeT» OAHOVIMeHHO 38pR>KeHHble BTOPVILfHble sneKTpOHbl o6paTHO, B CTopoHy nono>KVITenbHoro aHOAa,· TeM qaMblM npens:iTCTBYR B03HVIKHOBeHVllO BCTpe'fHOro sneKTPOHHOro nOTOKa. B CBR3VI c H&~Ha'feHVleM VI
OCHOBHOiii YHK~Vleiii TpeTbeiii ceTKVI ee Lf8CTO Ha3blBalOT 8tJT"AMH8TpOHHOM VlnVI npoTHBOA11H8TPOHHOH ceTKOiii.
3neKTPVILfeCKVle xapaKTepVICTVIKVI neHTOAOB 6nVl3KVI K xapaKTepVICTVIKaM TeTPOAOB.
BenVILfVIHa npoxOAHOiii eMKOCTVI neHTOAOB o6bl'fHO ne:>KVIT B npeAenax 0,05 ... 0,005 nel>,
CHVl>KaRCb VIHOrAa AO 3Ha'feHVliii 0,003 ... 0,0035 nel> (neHTOAbl 6)1(2n VI 6)1(4n). KPYTVl3Ha

42

xapaKTeplllCTlllKlll K011e611eTCR OT

4 ... 5

AO 25 ... 30 MA/B, AOCTlllraR y OTAeJlbHblX TlllnOB

aHa1.1eH111R 55 MA/B (neHTOA 6>K52n).
60J1bWlllHCTBO «CTaHAaPTHblX» neHTOAOB, o603Hal.faeMblX B K11acc1.1cj)111Kal..\L.1lll 6yKB0'1i >K, no BlllAY aHOAHblX Ill oco6eHHO ceTOl.fHblX xapaKTeplllCTlllK Mano OTJlllll.faeTCR OT
TeTPOAOB.

y

neHTOAOB 3T0'1i rpynnbl eCTb OAHa o6w,aR 3aKOHOMepHOCTb: c yse111111.1eH111-

eM OTPlllL.laTeJlbHOrO HanpR>KeHlllR Ha ceTKe aHOAHblV'I TOK yMeHbwaeTCR AOBOJlbHO 6blCTpo Ill np111 MlllHyce Ha ceTKe 4 ... 6 B aHOAHbl'1i TOK CTaHOBlllTCR paBHblM Hymo, T. e. naMna
«3an1.1paeTCR».
neHTOAbl TaKoro BlllAa npl/IHRTO Ha3blBaTb neHTOA8Mll1 c KOPOTKOM xapaKTepMCTMKOM. OHlll BO scex CJlyYaRx nOJlHOCTblO 3aMeHRIOT TeTPOAbl np111 lllCnOJ1b30BaHL.1111 B

Ka"leCTBe yc11111111Te11e!.1i asyKOBblX 111 PaAlllO"laCTOT, reHeparnpos, a Ha11111L1111e TpeTbe'1i ceTKlll c He3aBlllClllMblM BblBOAOM n03BOJ1ReT nOMlllMO STOro lllCnOJlbBOBaTb neHTOAbl B Kal.feCTBe CMeC111Te11e!.1i 11111111 naMn c AB0'1iHblM ynpasneHl/leM, Hanp1.1Mep AJ1R 1113MeHeHlllR yc11111eHlllR KaCKaAa c nOMOW.blO pery11111pyeMoro OTPlllL\aTeilbHoro HanpR>1I YAaJleHHblX MaJlOMOW,HblX CTaHL\lllV'I 6blJ1111 eABa
CJlblWHbl Ha cj)oHe co6CTB0HHblX WYMOB np111eMHlllKa, a MOW,Hble M0CTHbl0 CTaHL\111111 11p111HlllMaJ1lllCb c HeAOnyCTlllMj:>IMlll H0J1111H0'1iHblML.1 lllCKa>KeHlllRMlll.
KoHe"IHO, MO>KHO 6b1110 6b1 pery11111posaTb 06w,111'1i Koscj)cj)111L1111eHT yc11111eH111R paA1110TpaKTa, BB0AR py"IHYIO pery11111posKy OTPlllL\aT0JlbHOro HanpR:>KeHlllR, nOABOAlllMOro K aHTlllAL.1HaTpOHH0'1i 11111111 Aa>Ke ynpaBJlRIOW,eVI ceTKe (BMeCTO 6aTape'1iKlll Hal.faJlbHOro CMew,eHlllR), HO TaKylO pery11111pOBKy nplllWJlOCb 6bl aaHOBO ocyw.ecTBJlRTb AJlR Ka)l(A0'1i HOB0!.1i nplllHlllMaeM0'1i CTaHL\111111.
EcTeCTBeHHblM 6b1110 :>Ke11aH111e, "IT06b1 TaKylO pery11111posKy np1.1eMHlllK ocyw.ecTB11R11
caMOCTORTeJlbHO, 603 BMeWaT0JlbCTBa c11ywarn11e!.1i. Ho AJ1R SToro HaAO 6blJ10 OCHacTlllTb np111eMHlllK H0KOe'1i ClllCT0M0'1i 8BTOM8TM'l8CKOM perynMpOBKM yc1111teHMR (APY).
TeopeTlll"l0CKlll STO npeACTaBJ1RJ10Cb HeCJlO:>KHblM, Ill BOT no"leMy: np111 pa6oTe Jll06oro
A0TeKTopa Ha ero Bb1XOA0 nOMlllMO none3Horo MOAYI1111pyiow.ero ClllrHana o6R3aTeJ1bHO
Bb1A0J1RJ1CR «n060"1HblV'I» npOAYKT nOCTOS!HHOe HanpR:>K0Hllle, B0Jllll"IL.1Ha KOTOporo
6b111a npRMO nponOPL\L.10HaJ1bHa BeJlL.11.flllHe nOABOAlllMOro 81.f ClllrHana, a nOilRPHOCTb 3aBlllcena lllCKJllO"llllTeJlbHO OT nonRpHOCTlll nOAKJll0"10HlllR AlllOAa, "ITO Ha CaM npOL\eCC A0TeKTlllPOBaHL.1S! HL.1KaK He BJ1111RJ10. TaKlllM o6pa30M, nocTOS!HHOe HanpR>KeH111e Ha BblXOAe
AeTeKTOpa OKa3blBaJ10Cb lllMeHHO TeM CL.1rHaJ10M, KOTOpblV'I 6blJ1 He06XOAlllM AJlR aBTOMaTlll"leCKoro pery111.1posaHL.1R yc1.111eHL.1R. Ho, YBbl, STO 6blJ10 B03MO:>KHO TOJlbKO Teopern1.fP.CKlll.

43

la.

MA

9

8
7
6
5

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J
2

Uc.B
0
P111c. 11. KoHCTPYKl..llllR ynpaensi10~elil ceTKlll c nepeMeHHblM waroM .Qm1 neHTOAOB
Ill C0T0"1Hbl0 xapaKTeplllCTlllKlll neHTO,QOB 6)1(4n Ill 6K4n

,[l,eno

«eap111M10~

B TOM, YTO nplllHlllMaeMble ClllrHanbl pa311111yan111cb no Be11111Y"1He B TblCRYlll pa3,

TOrAa KaK «paCTBOP» ceTOYHOlll xapaKTep"1CTlllK"1 11aMnbl (T. e. pa60Y"1e HanpR:>KeH"1R Ha
ceTKe) Ko11e6ancR e npe.Qe11ax

(-4 ... -8 B) 11aMna npoCTo

±(1...2) B,

a np111 6011bw1r1x 0Tp1111.taTe11bHblX HanpR>KeH1r1s:ix

3an1r1panacb.

Peamt3oeaTb Teop1r1io Ha npaKT111Ke 6bl110 6bl B03MO>KHO, ec111r1 6bl ceTOYHaR xapaKTep1r1crnKa 11aMnbl 6bl11a He TaKolll KOPOTKOlll, a 6011ee YA11"1HeHHOlll, T. e. YT06bl nOllHOe
3an1r1paH1r1e 11aMnb1 npo111cxo.Q111110 He np1r1

-6 ... -8 B,

a np1r1

-20 ... -30

B.

B np1r1HL1111ne

co-

3AaTb TaKYIO 11aMny HlllYero He CT0"1110: AllR 3TOro ynpaBllRIOLI..\YIO ceTKY Ha.QC 6bl110 C.QellaTb HaCTOllbKO pe.QKOlll, YTO ee B11"1RH"1e Ha 311eKTpOHHblH nOTOK 6bl110 6bl M"1HlllManbHblM. Ho OT 3Toro e .QeCRTK"1, ec111r1 He e COTH"1 paa ynan1r1 6b1 KPYTlll3Ha xapaKTep111crnK111
,,, K03cl>cl>"1L\"1eHT yc1r111eH"1R.
BblXOA 6bl11 Halil.QeH op1r1r1r1HanbHblH: ynpaBllRIOLI..\YIO ceTKY C,Qe11an1r1 He rycTOlll Ill He
pe.QKOlll, a nepeMeHHOlll ryCTOTbl, KaK 3TO noKa3aHO Ha p1r1c.

11.

1113 3TOro p1r1cyHKa no-

HRTHO, YTO np1r1 HY110BOM nOT0HL\"1ane Ha CeTKe 3110KTP0Hbl OAlllHaKOBO CB06QAHO npo11eTalOT KaK Yepe3 ryCTYIO, TaK "1 Yepe3 pep.KylO ee YaCTl/I. np1r1 He6011bWOM OTPlllL\aT011bHOM HanpR>KeH"1"1 3110KTPOHbl "1CnblTblBalOT Ha1116011bwee TOPMO>K0Hllle B 0611aCTlll ryCTblX
BlllTKOB Ill no-npe>KHeMy CB060AHO npo11eTa10T CKB03b pe,QK"1e BlllTK"1.
no Mepe yee11111YeH111R «MlllHyca» Ha ceTKe rycTaR ee YaCTb ece 6011bwe npOTlllBO,QelilCTByeT npo11eTy 3110KTPOHOB, YM0HbWaR aHOAtlbllil TOK, TOrAa KaK pe,QK!lle BlllTKlll He B coCTORH"1111 CYLI..\0CTB0HHO YM0HbWlllTb YlllC/10 CB060AHO npo11eTalOLI..\lllX 311eKTpOHOB.
np111 HanpR>K0H"1"1 B

-6 ... -8 B rycTaR

YaCTb CeTKlll npaKT111YeCK"1 nperpa>K.QaeT nYTb

aHOAHOMY TOKY Ill 11111Wb H03HaYlllT011bHBR YaCTb 3J10KTPOHOB npO.QOJl>KaeT npocaY"1BaTbCR CKB03b pe.QK"10 BlllTKlll.

Iii TOllbKO np111 HanpR>K0H"1111 -20 ... -30 B OTP"1L\BTe11bHbllil 3apRA

ceTKlll OKa3blBaeTCR AOCTaTOYHblM, YT06bl npeKpaTlllTb aHOAHbllil TOK nOllHOCTblO Ill «3anepeTb» 11aMny.

44

JlaMnbl TaKoro nma B OTnlll"lllle OT 06bl"IHblX neHTOAOf' CTanlll Ha3blBaTb naMnaMlll
c YA11111HeHHOH ceTO"IHOH xapaKTep111cT111KOH 111n111 lllHOrA8 naMnaM111 Tl/Ina «eap111M10», "ITO
e nepeeoAe 03Ha"laeT naMnbl c nepeMeHHblM K03cl>cJ>111u,111eHTOM yc111neH111S1. 3Tot\ rpynne
neHTOAOB B OTnlll"lllle OT 06bl"IHblX naMn rpynnbl «)I(» 6b1na np111ceoeHa B HalllMeHOBaHllllll
6yKea «K». CpaeH111TenbHbte xapaKTep111crnK111 neHTOAOB c KOPOTKOH 111 YA11111HeHHOA ceTO"IHblMlll xapaKTeplllCTlllKaMlll np111BeAeHbl Ha TOM >Ke p111c. 11.
lilcnonb3YSI oco6eHHOCTlll ceTO"IHblX xapaKTepl!ICTlllK naMn Tlllna «BaplllMIO», MX CTanlll
WlllPOKO np111MeHS1Tb B np111eMHlllKaX, OCHaW,eHHblX ClllCTeMoA APY. Iii ecn111 OAlllH KaCKaA,
oxea"leHHblH APY, 06ecne"!111ean rny6111Hy peryn111poeK111 e 10 pa3, TO TpexKaCKaAHblA ycMn111Tenb Aaean rny6111Hy peryn111poeK111 e 10x10x10 1000 pa3 111n111Ha60 AEi, "ITO no3eonsino np111H111MaTb c OTHOClllTenbHO OAlllHaKOBOH rpOMKOCTblO KaK Ha1116onee YAaneHHble
ManOMOW,Hble CTaHLl,111111, TaK Ill MOW,Hble MeCTHble.

=

C caMoro Ha"lana cep111t\Horo npo1113BOACTBa paA111onaMn OAHOH 1113 Ba>KHeAw111x npo6neM KOHCTpyKTopoe KaK caM111x naMn, TaK 111 naMnoeoA annapaTYPbl 6blna npo6neMa
3KOHOMlll"IHOCTlll. np111 3TOM Ha paBHblX CTOSln eonpoc KaK 06 3KOHOMllllll noTpe6nsieMOH
naMnaMlll 3neKTp03Hepr111111, TaK "' 0 ce6eCTOlllMOCTlll annapaTYPbl B CBSl3111 c KOm11"1eCTBOM np111MeHS1eMblX naMn.
'-IT06bl npeACTaBlllTb u,eHy 3TOH npo6neMbl, AOCTaTO"IHO cpaBHlllTb noTpe6neH111e
aHepr111111 6n1113K111M111 111n111 Aa>Ke OAlllHaKOBblMlll no noTpe6111TenbCKlllM xapaKTep111cT111KaM
paA111oannapaTaM111 Ha naMnax 111 Ha TpaH3111CTopax. TaK, nS1T111A111ana30HHblA naMnOBblH
paA111onp111eMHlllK 1-ro Knacca «P111ra-10» noTpe6nsin OT ceTlll 85 BT, aero TpaH3111CTopHblA co6paT c TO"IHO TaK111M111 >Ke napaMeTpaM111 - «P111ra-101 » - ecero 35 BT.
CpeAHee 3HepronoTpe6neH111e naMnOBblX Tenee1113opoe Kone6anocb eoKpyr u,111cJ>pb1
200 BT, TOrAa KaK cerOAHSIWHlllH cynepcoepeMeHHblH u,eeTHOH Tenee1113op c 70-caHTlllMeTpOBblM 3KpaHOM Ill MHOrQ"llllCneHHblMlll TeXHlll"10CKlllMlll «HaKPYTKaMlll» noTpe6nsieT
60 ... 80 BT. 3Ta pa3Hlll~ B 50 BT AJlSI np111eMHlllKOB Ill B 120... 140 BT AJlSI TeneBlll30POB, He
AaBaSI HlllKaKlllX none3HblX pe3ynbTaTOB, B OCHOBHOM TpaT111nacb Ha nplllHYAlllTenbHblH Harpee B03Ayxa e noMew,eH111111.
B TO >Ke epeMSI AO Ha"lana WlllPOKoro lllCnOnb30BaHlllSI TpaH3111CTOPOB Ill nonynpOBOAHlllKOBblX AlllOAOB cyw,eCTBOBan HeKlllH Hlll)l(HlllA npeAen, Hllt)l(e KOTOporo yMeHbWaTb "llllCno naMn e np111eMH111Ke 111n111 Tenee1113ope 6b1no HeB03MO)l(HO. Hanp111Mep, e caMOM npoCTOM cynepreTePOAlllHHOM np111eMHlllKe OAlllH 6annoH Tpe6oeancsi AJlSI npeo6pa30eaTem1 "laCTOTbl, KaK MlllHlllMYM OAlllH 6annoH AJlSI Yn'-1, ell.le OAlllH - AJlSI AeTeKTopHoro
AlllOA8 Ill He MeHee AByx 6annOHOB AJlSI Y3'-I (npeAeap111TenbHblH KaCKaA Ill MOW,HblA OKOHe"IHblA yc111n111Tenb). lilTOro - nsiTb 6annoHoe, a np111 n111TaH111111 OT cern nepeMeHHOro
TOKa ew,e Ill wecTOH 6annoH AJlSI BblnpSIMlllTensi.
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lllMen 17 (!) naMn, 111 lllX KOnlll"10CTBO Y*e 6bln0 HeB03MO)l(H0 yMeHbWlllTb AQ)l(e Ha eAlllHlllU,y.
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Henb3SI yMeHbWlllTb L1111cno naMn e np11eMH111Kax 111 Tenee1113opax, TO enonHe pea11bHO
yMeHbWl4Tb "llllC/10 6annOHOB, 06beAl.1HlllB B OAHOM 6a11n0He ABe 1.111111 A8)1(0 6011bWee
"llllC/10 OTA011bHblX 11aMn.
nepBblM, Ha1116011ee npOCTblM waroM Ha 3TOM nYTH OKa3anOCb C03ASHllle ABOAHoro
AlllOA8 c o6W,lllM KaTOAOM, A/1SI "lero He np111wnOCb Hlll"lero 111306peTaTb, a OKa3anOCb AOCTaTO"IHblM «pacnlll11111Tb» aHOA 06bl4HOro AlllOA8 nononaM Ill OT Ka)l(,QOH no110BlllHKlll CAe11aTb OTA011bHblA, caMOCTOSIT011bHblt\ BblBOA. TaK nOSIBlll11111Cb Ha CBeT nepeble AByxaHOAHbl0 KeHOTOPOHbl AJlSI cxeM AByxno11ynep1110AHb1x eb1npsiM111Te11et\. CpeA11t OTe4eCTBeHHblX 11aMn aTo 6b111111 40Tblpexeo11bTOBble npsiMOHaKa11bHb1e KeHoTpOHbl Tlllnoe B0-116,
80-125. 80-188. B0-202, 4BX1.

45

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B STOM Ka"leCTBe nosceMeCTHO 111 AOBOllbHO A011ro np111MeHRnacb 11aMna 8-WTblPbKOB0£1
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95

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11aMny CTPO'"IH0£1 paaeepTKlll Ill A8Mn¢>epHb1'1 AlllOA Ill T. n.

46

Coa,a.aH111e KOMnaKTpOHOB OKa3anocb 01.1eHb BbtrOAHO SKOHOM1111.1ecK111. CTOlllMOCTb OAHoro KOMnaKTpOHB 6b1na Hlll:>Ke CYMMBPHOli1 CTOlllMOCTlll 3BMeHReMblX naMn Ill naMnOBblX
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pe3111CTOPOB, KOHAeHCBTOPOB, KOHTYPHblX KBTYWeK.

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06bl"IHblX neHTOA(l.
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w111p0Koro np111MeHeHlllR He BblnyCKBnlllCb.

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naMn Mbl n03HBKOMllln111Cb (111 np111TOM AOCTBTO"IHO nOAP06HO) c 06114MM npMH"'MnOM
pa60Tb1 n106b1x aKTlllBHblX PBAlllOsneMeHTOB, 06ecne1.1111eaiow.111x yaeni.t11teHi.te MOIJ4HO·

CTM (111n111, KaK 6onbwe np111HRTO roeop111Tb, yci.tneHi.te) pa3n1111.1Hb1x sneKTp1111.1ecK111x c111rHanoe.

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HepaaHoMepHOCTM A"tX a npeAenax nonocbl
47

nponycKaHMSI. 0AHaKO np111 cep111iilHOM npOlll3BOACTBe paA111oannapaTYpb1 B03HlllKa11111
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B OCHOBe lllX pa60Tbl lle>KlllT pa3HOe noBeAeHMe nbe3oKepaMMKllt Ha pa3HblX "'18CTOTax.
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Aat0w,111iil onpeAelleHHOiil, HanepeA 3aAaHHOiil

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40

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40

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465±2

10,5... 14,5

26

ci>nm-023

465±2

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40

ci>nm-024

465±2

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35

ci>nm-025

465±2

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30

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465±2

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26

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465±2

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35

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465±2

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465±2

4,6 ... 7

50

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465±2

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46

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10700±100

150... 200

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Ill

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Ill

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Ill

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49

200"' 660

Kr~. 11t1111t

1000"' 1460

Kr~. 11t1111t

1540

1r1

2000

Kr~. Mbl eo ecex Tpex cny'laRx

6yAeM no11Y'laTb OAHY 11t TY >Ke paaHOCTHYIO -t8CTOTY (ee o6bl'lHO Ha3blBalOT np0Me:11lllK, 111nmocrp111pyioui1111il B03HlllKHOB0Hllle paaHOCTHOlil "ISC!Olhl
np111 A0T9KTlllPOB8Hllllll CM9Clll AByx pa3HblX "ISCTOT

50

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a 3TOT MOMeHT a pa.Q111onepe,&a4e Hae-ryn11111a nayaa 1.1 HlllKakoro MOAy111.1py-

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CTaBl1RIOll.\8R.
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H0MOAYl1111POBaHHbliil c1.1rHan c 'faCTOToA, OKa>KeM, B

540

Kru,.

B

orporoM OOOTB8TCTBllllll

c BblWepaCCMOTpeHHblM npou,eccoM Ha A0T0KTOpe OKa>KYTCR RBHO Bblpa>KeHHbl£1 CMrHan
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paBHOiil

1000 - 540

=460 Kru,. nonpo6yeM Bb1AeJ111'1Tb 3TOT c111rHan, nOAKJllO'flllB K A9T0K·

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B 460 Kru,.
CoBepweHHO o4e811tAHO, 'fto lllcxoAHble cMrHMbl 111 11tx cyMMapHbltli c11trHan oKa>KyTcA
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540

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XOAe A0T0KTOpa Mbl nony'flllM npoMe>KyrO'fHYIO 'faCTOTY, pa~HYIO
T. e. KaK Ill B nepeoM CllY'fae -

460 Kru,. l-1

890 Kru,. Ha Bbl1350 ... 890 Kru,,

3Ta npoMe)l(}'TO'fHaR 'f8CTOTa 6yAeT npoMOAY-

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A ec111.1
TOP -

Mbl H8CTPOl.1M np11teMHlllK HS 'f80TOTY B

2240 Kru,,
2240 - 1780 460 Kru,.

Ha 'faCTOTY B

paeHotii

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'fTO TOrAQ?

l-1

1780 Kru,,

a AOnOJ1HlllT&l1bHbl£1 reHepa-

TOrAB npoMe>KyTO"IHBR 'facrora 0Ka>K0TCR

C noMOll.\blO OAHoro AOno11H111re11bHOro reHeparopa c nepeerpa111aaeMoli1 l.facrorotii
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l-1

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ee MHOrOK8CK8AHblMlll llBMnOBblMlll 11111111 rpaH3111CTOPHblMl.1 yc11111111Tel1RMlll, cj>OpMlllPOBaTb
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APYrylO 11111111 c OAHOro AlllanaaoHa Ha

APYroli1.

51

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B STOM CJlyKHblM? Bcero-To HH'fero: OAlllH AOnonHHTenbHblii1 npoCTeii1w111ii1 reHepaTOp, KOTOpblii1 6yAeT nepeCTpalllBBTbCSI no 'fBCTOTe OAHOBpeMeHHO co
BXOAHblM KOHTypOM. A STO AJ1SI Hae - paa nnlOHYTb. HY>KHO KOHAeHcaTOp, 06paayrow,111ii1
peaoHaHCHblii1 KOHTyp AOnOJ1HlllTeJ1bHOrO reHepaTOpa, BMeCTO nOCTOSIHHOro CAenaTb
nepeMeHHblM, Ill HBCBAlllTb OCb SToro nepeMeHHOro KOHAeHcaTopa Ha OCb KOHAeHCaTOpa HaCTpOii1Klll BXOAHOro KOHTypa. np111'feM o6a KOHAeHCaTOpa CAenaTb OAHHaKOBOii1 eMKOCTlll - 111 ece Aena! KPYTlllWb OAHY o6w,yro PY'fKY, a nepecTpaHearoTcsi OAHoepeMeHHO
o6a reHepaTOpa. A paaH1111..1a 'faCToT oCTaeTcsi He111aMeHHoii1.
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np111eMH11tK He Mor 6bl e np111H1..1111ne.
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Hbliif c111rHan Ha Hen111Heii1Hblii1 aneMeHT - .o.eTeKTop?

1O. KaK111e npeHMyw,ecTsa .o.aeT npeo6pa3osaHHe npHHfAMBeMoro c111rHa
na B CfArHBn .o.pyroii, npoMe>KYTO'IHOH 'IBCTOTbl?

52

Pa6oqee
MeCTO

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wacc111111 paMbl, Kopnyca 111 n111u,eeb1e naHen111 pa3nWfHblX np1116opoe 111 pa,Q111oannapaTYpb1,
eceB03MO:lKHble MOHTa:lKHble sneMeHTbl - nnaHKlll, CT0"1Klll, Aep:iKaTen111 P8AlllOAeTane"1,
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a TaK>Ke 6onbWlllHCTSO 1113 nepeLf111cneHHblX MaTep111anos s s111Ae Kpyrnbrx npYTKOB pa3n111LfHOro AlllaMeTpa 111n111 c ceLfeH111eM s s111Ae npas111nbHOro wecTlllrpaHHlllKa.
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53

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AlllaMeTpOM 3-5 MM MO>KHO 1113roTOBlllTb C0PA0LfHlllKlll KOHTYPHblX K8TYW0K, ecn111 Tpe6y0TCR J148HbWMTb lllX nepeoHa'fanbHYIO lllHAYKTlllBHOCTb. ~3 TOHKOlii npYTKOBOlii 118TYHlll
11111111 CTBnlll «Cepe6pflHKlll» AlllBMeTpOM 3-5 MM MO>KHO 1113rOTOBlllTb wnlllllbKlll nl06blX HeCT8HA8PTHblX pa3Mepoe, Hape3aB Ha 060111x KOHU8X 0Tp03Ka npYTKa COOTB8TCTBYIOli.\YIO
pe3b6y.
rpynny nlllCTOBblX nnaCTMacc COCTaBnAIOT T8KCTOnMT, CT8KnOT8KCTOnMT, reTMH8KC, nneKc111rnac, cl>ToponnaCT, a TaK>Ke uenbllii PAA pa3111111.fHblX Bl/IAOB no11111cT111pona
(TepMOCTOliiK111t1, yAaponpO'fHblt1 111 T. n.). Pe>Ke 111cnonb3yeTCA n111cToeolii x11ope111H111n,
B OCHOBHOM B K81.f0CTBe 1113on111py10li.\lllX npOKn8AOK Me)l(Ay A0T811AMlll, He nOABepr~­
IOIJ.llllMlllCA 3H8LflllT0nbHOMy Harpeey.
TeKCTOlllllT, CT0Kn0T0KCT011111T Ill reTlllHaKC MOrYT 6b1Tb KBK 06bl'fHblMlll, TBK Iii OllbrlllpoeaHHblMlll, T. e. nOKpblTblMlll TOHKOt1 M0AHOlii $01lbroA 1111160 c OAHOA, 1111160 c 06e111x
CTOPOH. He$OnbrnpoeaHHbl0 M8Tep111anbl T01lli.\lllHOt1 lllllCTa OT A011et1 AO HeCKOnbKlllX
M111nn111MeTpOB lllCnOnb3YIOTCA Allfl 1113roTOeneHlllA K8PK8COB K8TYW8K paanlll'fHblX TPBHCopMaTOpOB, MOHTa>KHblX nnaHOK, 1113011111PYIOli.\lllX wat16 nOA Kopnyca 3110KTPOlllllTlll'f0CKlllX KOHA0HC8TOPOB, onopHblX TOl.feK AllA KpenneHlllA KpynHora6aplllTHblX lKHblMlll nenecTKaMlll AllA pacna~Klll BblBOAOB 06MOTOK TpaHcopMaTopoe Iii T. n.
ollbrlllPOBaHHble MaTep111a11bl np111MeHHIOTCA nO'fTlll lllCKlllO'flllTellbHO Allff 1113roTOeneHlllA nel.faTHblX nnaT, XOTR B PRAe C11Y'f80B B03MO>KHO 1113roTOB110Hllle He601lbWlllX Kopo6oLf0K c BHYTP0HHlllM 3neKTpocTaT111LfeCKlllM 383eMnAeMblM 3KpaHOM AJlA aa1.1.1111rbl OT HaeoAOK pa3nlll'fHblX KOMMYT8UlllOHHblX ycTpOliiCTB. AnA 3TOro Hape3aHHble npAMOyrollbHble
«li.\91.fKlll» 0 cponbrot1, o6pa1J.10HHOt1 BHYTPb 6YAYli.\8iil Kopo60'fKlll, COeAlllHAIOT M0>KAY co6oA nYTeM nponaliiK111 scex wsos.
AeTan111 HY>KHblX pa3Mepos 1113 uenbHOro n111cTa reT111HaKca, TeKCTOJ1111Ta 111 CTeKnOTeKCT011111ra BblP038IOT c noMOli.\blO n111Het1Horo pe3aKa, KOTOPbllii Mbl 113roTOBlll11111 Ha OAHOM
1113 npaKTlll'f8CKlllX 38HAT111t1 B nepsoi.l KHl!lre. np111 Bbln011H0Hllllll 3TOlii pa60Tbl H8P,O 3H8Tb,
LfTO CllOlllCTble MaTep111anb1 eeCbMB CKnOHHbl K B03HlllKHOB8HllllO CKOnos Ill OTCnoeH111t1 KaK
pa3 c o6paTHOt1 (npornsononO>KHOt1 o6pa6aTblB80MOt1) CTOPOHbl, nOSTOMY npope3aB
JllilCT Ha rny6111Hy nopAAKa 2/3 ero T01lli.\111Hbl, H8P,O nepesepHYTb 11111CT Ill OKOHLf8T0JlbHYIO
npope3KY ocy1J.1eCTenATb c o6paTHolii CTOPOHb1. nocne sToro o'fepl.feHHblt1 y'faCTOK nerKo
OTJ18MblB80TCA OT OCHOBHOrO nlllCTa. no 3TOlii )1(0 nplll'flllHe (1113-38 nOAB110HlllA CKOnOB) Aa>Ke O'f0Hb TOHKllle nlllCTbl reTlllHaKCa Ill T0KCTOJ1111Ta He peKOMeHAyeTCA pe3aTb HO>KHlllU8Mlll.
"ITO KacaeTCA TeXHOnor111111 1113rOTOBneHlllA nel.faTHblX nnaT 1113 OnbrnpoeaHHblX T0KCTP1llo4Ta. rernHaKca 111n111 CT0Kn0T0KCT011111Ta, OHa 6bina C8MblM nOAp06HblM o6pa30M 1113J1Q,.C01"ia B nepeot1 KH111re. Ecn111 np111 AQnbHet1weM 1113110>1eM npocTpaHcTea, aanonHeHHblt'i nio6b1M lllHepTHblM rasoM (CKa:iKeM, HeOHOM 111n111 aprOHOM). nyCTb 3TO 6yAeT 06blKHOB0H·
HaR CT0KnSIHHaR npo6111pKa, aanaRHHaR c AByx CTOpOH, B TOPUbl l(OTOpot't enaRHbl ABa
M0TannlllY0CKlllX 3J10KTPOAa B BlllAe AlllCKOB c BblBOA8Mlll HapY'!(y.
np111 OTCyrCTBllllll BH0WHelii Clllnbl (aneKTPlllYeCKoro noTeHu111a11a) BHyrp111 npe6111pK111
OAHOepeMeHHO np111cyrCTBYIOT HeliiTpanbHbl0 arOMbl Ill MOJl~Kynbl ra3a, HeKOTOpoe KOnlll·
Y0CTBO «CB060AHblX» sneKTpOHOB, 8TOMbl, no TeM 111n111 lllHblM nplllYlllHaM n0Tepsiew111e
«CBOlii» aneKTPOH 1'13 BH0WHet1 o6onOYKlll Ill npeepaTl/IBWlll0CSI ecmeACTBlllB 3TOro B nono)l(lllTenbHblt'i lllOH, Ill aTOMbl, «nplllXB8TlllBW1110» Ha KaKoe-ro epeMR n111wH111t1 ceo60AHblt'i
:.:ineKTpoH 111 npeepaT111ew111ecR e 0Tp111uaTenbHO sapR)l(0HHblt1 1110H.
BCR 3Ta «CM0Cb» xaOTlllYHO ABlll:lKeTCSI 8Hyrp1-1 11P0614PloH oKpy)Kaiow,etl cpe,o,b1
lllT. n.

la

noKa OTCYTCTeyeT BHeWHee 311eKTplllYeCK00 none, 311eKTplllYeCKlll O,IJ,HOlllMeHHO 3apsi>KeHHble Ill 311eKTp111YeCKlll H0£lTpa11bHble
YaCTlllUbl B ra30BO£l cpe,o,e (M011eKY11bl, aTOP111c. 13. CxeMa BK1110"leH111A ra3opa3PAAHOli\
Tpy6Klll AflA CHATlllA xapaKTeplllCTlllKlll 3BBlllClll·
MOCTlll TOKa Yepe3 Tpy6iK1>1raHllllO ra30BOH CMeClll. Ha caMOM Aene H"1KaKoro 3a>11raH1>1S1, a TeM

6onee

ropeH111si 1>1HepTHOro ra3a HeT "'

6b1Tb He MO>KeT, a Aeno o6CTOlllT Cn0AYIOU.\"1M o6pa30M.
np111 COYAapeH"1SIX CB060AHblX 3J1eKTpOHOB BblCOK"1X 3Hepr111"1 C aTOMaM1>1 He o6st3aTenbHO npo1>1CXOA"1T OTPblB HOBblX 3neKTPOHOB c era noeepXHOCT"1. "lacTO Aeno ofpaH1>1Y1>1BaeTCSI TeM, YTO C006U.\aeMasi aTOMy AOnOJ1HlllTeJ1bHaSI 3Hepr111si «nepeBOAlllT» OA"1H "13
3neKTpoHoe aToMa c BHYTPeHHe"1 op6V1Tb1 Ha

6onee

OTAaneHHylO. 0AHaKo Yepe3 eA1>1-

HlllUb1 Vln"1 AeCSITK"1 HaHoceKyHA npOl>1CXOAlllT B03BPaU.\eHVle 3TOrO 3neKTpOHa Ha npe>KHIOIO op61>1Ty, YTO ecerAa conpOBO)l(AaeTCSI BblAeJ1eH111eM "136blTOYHOH 3Hepr1111>1 B B"1Ae
ct>OTOHa BlllAlllMOro ceeYeHlllSI. no3TOMy noA «3a>11e ero BlllA"1MOro ceeYeH1>1SI, KOTOpoe BHaYane Ha6J110AaeTCSI J1111Wb e6n1113"1 KaTOAa.
EcnVI 6b1 e uen111 1>1CTOYHV1Ka He 6b1110 orpaH1>1Y1>1TenbHOro pe3111cTopa, TO nae111Hoo6pa3HOe HapacTaHllle TOKa 6blJ10 6bl MrHOB8HHblM "' np111eeno K 3neKTp1>1YeCKOMY npo60IO
"' KOPOTKOMy 3aMblKaH"1IO npo6111pK1>1. Ho Hanll'IY"1e pe3"1CTOpa B KOpHe MeHsteT KapTlllHY
AanbH8HW"1X C06blTlllH.

,D,eno

B TOM, YTO nplll OYeHb 6blCTPOM, nOYTlll MrHOBeHHOM Hapa-

CTaHVllll aHOAHOro TOKa c TalKe CKOPOCTblO B03pacTaeT Ill naAeH111e Hanpsi>11SI Ha
orpaHlllY"1TeJ1bHOM pe3VICTOpe, KOTOpoe «BblYlllTaeTCSI» Vl3 061!.\ero Hanpsi>KeHlllSI aHOAHOro "1CTOYHVIKa, n03TOMy Hanpsi>1KAY aHOAOM "' KaTOAOM TaK>Ke MrHOBeHHO
yMeHbwaeTCSI AO HeKOTOporo 3HaYeH"1SI, COOTB8TCTBYIOU.\ero Ha rpact>VIKe TOYKe 4.
no np1>1HSITOH yCTaHOB"1BWeHCSI TepMVIHOJ10rllllll TOK, Ha6J110AalOU.\"1HCSI BHYTPlll naMnbl
Ha yYaCTKe

0-3

(AO MOMeHTa 3a>K1>1raHlllSI naMnbl), Ha3bleaeTCSI TeMHOBblM TOKOM. OH

BeCbMa Man 111 "13MepsieTCSI eA1>1H1>1UaM111 M1>1KpOaMnep. npouecc, npOl>1CXOASIU.\ll'IH Ha
3TOM yyacTKe, Ha3b1Ba10T TeMHOBblM pa3pstAOM. TeMHOeo"1 pa3pstA 1o1cnonb3yeTcsi Ha
npaKT1>1Ke B ra30HanonHeHHblX ct>oT03J18M8HTaX c BHeWH"1M ct>OT03ct>ct>eKTOM.

B MOMeHT 3a>K1>1raHlllSI ra3 (ecn111 3TO H80H) HaY1>1HaeT ceeTlllTbCSI cna6blM KpaCHOopaH>KeBblM ceeTOM, HanOM"1H8IOU.\"1M TJ1eH111e 3a>K>K8HH0'1 nan111pOCbl, n03TOMY "' npouecc, npOVICXOASIU.\"1H B 3TOT MOMeHT B naMne, Ha3Bal1111 no aHaJ10r111"1 TJlelOU.\ll'IM pa3psiAQM. CaM npouecc nosisneH1>1S1 cseYeH1>1S1 Ha3san1o1 MOMeHTOM 3a>11S1, a Hanpsi>11K111raH1>1SI.

4 3HaYlllT8J1bHO Hlll>Ke,

H006pa3HOro HapacTaH1>1SI TOKa npeKpali.\aSTCSI, a

YeM B TOYKe

3,

npouecc nas111-

B8J1111Y"1Ha TOKa Yepe3 naMny

B 3TOM COCTOSIH"1"1 MO>K8T coxpaHSITbCSI CTa61>1J1bHOH CKOJlb yroAHO AOnro. 06blYHO era
sen1>1YV1Ha COCTaBJ1Sl8T 8A"1HVIUbl-A8CSITK"1 M"1J1J1VlaMnep.
Ecn111 Tenepb nblTaTbCSI ysenVIYVIBaTb Hanpsi>KeHVle VICTOYHVIKa, TOK 6yAeT CTpeM"1TbCSI
B03paCT8Tb OY8Hb 3HaY1>1TeJ1bHO, HO np1>1 3TOM (),l:',HOBpeMeHHO 6yAeT ysenVIYVIBaTbCSI Ill
naAeH111e Hanpsi>11K9Hllle
M0>KAY 3110KTPOAaMlll llaMnbl OCTaeTCSI npaKTllll.f8CKlll H01113M8HHblM np111 1113M0H0Hllllll Hanpfl>K0Hlllfl lllCTOl.fHlllKa r1111TaH111S1

s 3Hal.flllTe11bHblX npep.e11ax.

TaK111e cTa611111111TpOHb1 0 aa-

0111c1rtMOCT111 OT KOHCTPYKUi.tlll, 0111Aa aano11HS1t0w,ero raaa 111 cTeneHi.t ero paape>11KeHlll8 Ha 11SMne, "!TO

CT111My11111pyeT y0e111111.feH111e He T011bKO aHOAHOro TOKa, HO Ill lllOHHOro nOTOKa, Hanpa011eHHOrO B CTOPOHy KaTOAa. 111 KOrAa Hanpfl)l(8Hlll8 Ha JlaMne AOCTlllraeT TOl.fKlll

6,

MOW,HOCTb

6oM6apAlllP08Klll KaTOAa lllOHHblM nOTOKOM nplll80AlllT K paaorpeey KaTOAa /J,0 TSMnepaTYPbl, np111 KOTOpO!il HSl.flllHaeTCSI lllHT9HClll8H00 111311Yl.f8Hllle lllM 8TOp111"1HblX C8060AHblX
3118KTPOHOB, T. e. TepM03118KTPOHHaS'I 3MlllCClllS'I.
np111HS'ITO ro0op1i1tb, "!TO HS yl.faCTKe xapaKTeplllCTlllKlll

5-6

8 110Mne H01.flllHaeTCS'I

("1 npOlllCXOAlllT) aHOMaJlbHbliil TJle10w,111VI pa3PSIA. 111M0HHO 3TO R8110Hlll8 111cno11b3Y9TCS'I
0 pa6ote o6bll.fHblX raaoc0eTHblX (HeOH08blX, aproH08blX, Kp111nroHOBblX 111 AP.) Tpy6oK
AJlSI 1113rOT08Jl0Hlllfl C80TS'IW,lllXCS'I peKJ1aM Ill 8blB9COK.

111,

HaKOHeu, np1.1 nOSblW0Hllllll Hanpfl>K9Hl'1fl lllCTOl.fHlllKa 8b1We TOl.fKlll

6

CH08a npo111c-

XOAlllT peaKoe y0e11111l.feH111e aHOAHOro TOKa, 06yc11oe11eHHOe noS1011eH111eM 8HYTPlll 11aMnb1
3M"1Tlllp08aHHOro paaorpeTblM KaTOAOM TepM03110KTPOHHOro noTOKa. 3Hal.feH111e TOKa
CKal.fK006pa3HO 803pacTaeT AO 88111111.flllHbl B H0CK011bKO aMnep, "!TO conpOl!IO)l(A08TCS'I
TaK>Ke peaKlllM nSAeH111eM HanpS1>11KeH npo6o!il "1 KOPOTKOe aaMblKSHllle 11aMnb1
a11eKTp1114ecKo!il AYroiil. Ayro00VI pa3pflA 111cno11bayeTCS1 B cneu111a11bHblX 11aMnax -

raao-

TpoHax, rnpaTpoHax, PTYTHb1x 8blnPS1M111Te11flx, 1.1rH1i1TpoHax, o KOTOpb1x Mbl noro0op111M
noa>11L114Ha 8 c11111y xapaKTepa npo111CXOASIW.L11X
0Hytp111 11aMnb1 npoueccos. ra30Hano11HeHHb1e 11aMrlb1 npaKTlll4eCKLl1 Henp111rOAHb1 Allfl
yc11111eH11tfl 3118KTPLl11.f9CKlllX ClllrH81108 ClllHYCOi.iA811bHOro nepeMeHHOrO TOKa (a TSM 6011ee

58

BblCOK0171 YaCTOTbl). 3aTO B OTJ11111.flll0 OT np111eMHO-yc111n111TenbHblX BaKyyMHblX naMn OHi/i
H03SM0HlllMbl B Kal.feCTBe B0HTlllJ10171 B OAHOcpa3HblX Ill MHOrocpa3HblX BbrnpAMlllTenAX nepeMeHHOro TOKa npOMb1WneHH0171 l.fSCTOTbl np111 HanpA)l(0HlllAX B A0CATKlll Ill COTHlll KlllnOeonbT np111 TOKax AO H0CKOnbKlllX TblCAl.f aMnep.
,ll,pyraA xaparcrepHaA «npocpecc111A» ra3oHanonHeHHblX naMn -

cTa6111n1113al..\lllA een111-

l.flllHb1 nOCTOAHHOrO HanpA)l(0HlllA B YCTp0171CTBSX 3neKTpOnlllTSHlllA. np111 3TOM CTa6111n111TpOHbl merow,ero pa3pRp,a B OCHOBHOM np111M0HAIOTCA MA CTa6111n1113SL\llllll HanpA>lKeH111e o6paTH0"1 nonRpHOCTlll: MlllHYC Ha aHOA Ill nnioc Ha KaTOA. Henb3S1 BKJllO'laTb
HeCKOnbKO CTa611111111TpOHOB napannenbHO, nocKOnbKY 1113-3a H03Ha'llllTenbHOrO pa36poca
napaMeTpoe KaKOH-TO OAlllH 1113 HlllX «38)1()1(0TCS1» LIYTb paHbWe, Ill TOK L1epe3 Hero MO:>KeT
npeBblClllTb AOnyCTlllMbl"1.
B TO )1(9 epeMR nocneAOBaTenbHOe C00AlllH9Hllle HeCKOnbKlllX CTa611111111TpOHOB He
TOnbKO AOnyCTlllMO, HO Ill 'laCTO BCTpe'laeTCR Ha npaKTlllKe (p111c. 15), TOnbKO np111 3TOM
napannenbHO Ka:lKAOMY cra611111111TpOHY Heo6XOAlllMO nOAKlllO'llllTb OAlllHaKOBble no eeJllll'll/IHe «Bb1paBHl/leaio11.1111e» pe31/1CTOpbl, B 10-20 pa3 6011bWllle no B011111'11/1He, 'ISM pe3111CTOpbl Harpy3Klll. 0611.1ee HanpS1:lK0Hllle CTa6111n1113al..\llllll B 3TOM cny'lae 6yAeT paBHO

60

cyMMe HOMlllHMbHblX HanpS1)1(0Hlll~ 0TA0nbHblX CT8611lnlllTPOHOB, a CYMMapHbl~ TOK CTa611lnlll3aU,llllll He lll3M0HlllTCS1 Ill OCTaHeTCS1 paBHblM TOKY '"lepea OAlllH CTa611lnlllTPOH.
Pac'"leT napaMeTpoe «6annacTHoro» (HarpyaO'"IHOro) pealllcTopa e u.enlll cTa611lnlllTpoHa npOlll3BOAlllTCS1 no aaKoHy CMa. naAeHllle HanpS1)1(0HlllS1 Ha 3TOM pealllcTope (Upe3 )
paBHO pa3HOCTll1 HanpS1)1(0HlllS1 lllCTO'"IHlllKa Ill HOMlllHMbHOro HanpS1)1(0HlllS1 CTa611lnlllTPOHa:
UPE3

=ufl1CT -

UcrA6·

3a eenlll'"llllHY HOMlllHMbHOro TOKa (/HoM) nplllHlllMalOT CP0AHeaplllM0Tll1'"10CK00 AByx
TOKa CTa611lnlllTPOHa. Benlll'"llllHa 6annaCTHOro p0311lCTOpa B 3TOM cny'"lae onpeAenS1eTcS1 no opMyne:
Kpa~HlllX 3Ha'"l0Hlll~

R

_ UPE3 _

EHcr

-UcrAs

6Alln - /PE3 - (/MAKC -/Mfl1H>crA6.

MOW.HOCTb pealllcTopa ebl611lpaioT c nonyTOpHblM-ABO~HblM aanacoM no OTHoweHllllO
K HOMlllHMbHO~:
PPE3

=(1,5.•.2,0) UPE3 ,PE3·

HanplllMep, AnS1 CTa611lnlllTpOHa rnna Cr15n HanpS1)1(0Hlll0 3a)l(lllraHlllS1 COCTaBnS10T
150 B, npeAenbl CTa611lnlll3aU,llllll - OT 104 AO 112 B, MlllHlllMMbHbl~ TOK CTa611l.1"'13aU.llllll - 5 MA, MaKClllManbHbr~ - 30 MA. lllcxoAS1 lll3 arnx AaHHb1x, onpeAenS1eM, '"ITO Hanpst)l(0Hllle lllCTO'"IHlllKa AOn)l(HO 6b1Tb e 1,2-1,5 paaa Bbrwe Hanpst)l(0HlllS1 3a)l(lllraHlllS1 Ill ne)1(8Tb B npeAenax 180... 195 B (B CP0AH0M 188 B). HanpS1)1(0Hlll0 CTa611lnlll3aU.llllll COCTaBnsieT 112... 104 B (CP0AH00 OKono 108 B). TOK'"lepea CTa611lnlllTPOH COCTaBnS10T 5 ... 30 MA
(CP0AHlll~ nplll6nlll311lT0nbHO 17 MA). CTCIOAa
UPE3

= E Her- UcrAs = 188-108 = 100 B;
RPE3

UPE3
100
=--=--=5,9KCM.
/PE3
17

Bbl611lpaeM 6nlll)l(a~wee no rocT 3Ha'"l0Hlll0
HOCTb:
PPE3

RPE3

= 5,6 KCM

Ill

onpeAensieM ero MOW.-

= (1,5 ... 2,0) UPE3,PE3 = (1,5 ... 2,0). 100. 0,017 = 2,5 ... 3,0 BT.

Cco6yio rpynny raaoHanonHeHHbrx nplll6opoe cocTaenS110T rnpaTpOHbr. CHiil OTHOCS1TCS1 K nOArpynne ynpaenS10MblX raaopa3PS1AHblX nplll60poe, B KOTOPblX nOMlllMO aHOAa
Ill KaTOAa lllM00TCS1 0AlllH lllnlll ABa ecnOMOraTenbHblX ynpaenS1IOLU,lllX aneKTpOAa, c noMOW.blO KOTOPblX ocyw.ecTensieTCS1 ynpaeneHllle aHOAHblM TOKOM.
Cyw,eCTBYIOT AB0 pa3HOBlllAHOCTlll rnpaTpOHOB, OTnlll'"lalOLU,lll0CS1 COCTaBOM raaoeo~
CP0Abl,- PTYTHble Ill HanonHeHHb1e lllHepTHblM raaoM (HeOHOM lllnlll aproHOM).
C6naCTb nplllM0H0HlllS1 PTYTHblX ra30TPOHOB B OCHOBHOM orpaHlll'"llllBa0TCS1 cxeMaMlll
pene~Horo ycllln0HlllS1 TOKa (nplll nlllTSHllllll OT lllCTO'"IHlllKa nocTOS1HHOro TOKa), rAe OHlll
o6ecne'"llllB8IOT K03lllU.lll0HT ycllln0HlllS1 no TOKY CBblW0 MlllnnlllOHa, Ill B Ka'"10CTB0 BblnpS1MlllTene~. B KOTOpblX CP0AHIOIO eenlll'"llllHY BbrnpsiMneHHOrO TOKa MO)l(HO perynlllpOeaTb lll3MeHeHllleM aabl Hanpst)l(0HlllS1 Ha ynpaenS1IOW.0M aneKTpOAe.
Apyryio noArpynny cocTaensiioT rnpaTpOHbl meiow.ero paapstAa c HanonHeHllleM
lllHepTHblMlll raaaMlll, H83bleaeMble lllHa'"le rnpaTpOHaMlll c xonoAHblM KaTOAOM. CHiil no
HbrHe Ae~cTeyiow.e~ KllaCcllllllKaU.llllll 06oaHa'"la10TCS1 6yKeaMlll TX (rnpaTpoH c xonoAHblM KaTOAOM), '"llllCnOM, onpeAenS1IOLU,lllM nopS1AKOBbl~ HOMep paapa60TKlll, Ill 6yKBO~.
xapaKTeplllayiow.e~ KOHCTPYKTlllBHOe ebrnonHeHllle 6annoHa.
TlllpaTpOHbl meiow.ero paapS1Aa lllMelOT noMlllMO aHOAa Ill KaTOAa OAlllH lllnlll ABa ynpaensiiow,lllx aneKTpOAa - e aaelllClllMOcrn OT cnoco6a ynpaeneHlllst - aneKTpocTarn'"lecKoro lllnlll TOKOBOro. CHiil MOryT H8XOAlllTbCS1 B AByx yCTO~'"llllBblX COCTOS1HlllS1X - HenpoBOAS1W.0M Ill npoBOAS1W.0M Ill B AByx nepeXOAHblX.

61

B npOBOARL4eM

COCTORHllllll L1epe3 TlllpaTpOH npOTeKaeT SHOAHbli4 TOK.

B HenpOBOAff•

L4eM COCTORHllllll 8HOAHbli4 TOK OTCYTCTByeT, HO CYL4eOTByeT TJ1010l4111i4 pa3PS1A M0>KAY KaTOAOM ... T8K HS3blBaeMOi4 ceTKOi4 no,qrOTOBlllTenbHOro PS3PS1A8. TaKoi4 C0TKlll HeT TOJlb·
KQ B !ilblnpS1MlllTellbHblX Ill a11eKTpoMeTp"1"leCKlllX TlllPSTPOHSX.
Pa6oTa Tl4parpoHoa rne10l.l.48ro pa3pffA8 xapaKTep14syeTCS1 HeKOTOpb1M111 cne~l4cj>111L1ecK111Ml4 napaMeTpSM14, OTJ114"1HblMlll OT napaMeTpQB, c KOTOPblMlll Mbl n03HSKOMl4J114Cb
B PS3Aelle «3JleKTpoeaKyyMHble np1460pbl>J, noaTOMy 3AeCb ~enecoo6pa3HO nepe"llllC·
Jlll!Tb .. pacw111cj>poe8Tb H9KOTOPb18 "13 3Tl4X HOBbl>C T8PM14HOB.
HanpRlK&HHe B03HHKHOB&HHR noArOTOBHT&nlaHorq paap~Aa - no110>1KeH111e Ha nepeoi4 ceTKe OTHOClllTellbHO KaTOAS, He06XOA14MOe AJ1S1 B03Hl4KHOBeHl4S1 B 3TOM npoMe:>KYTKe TJ1elOL4ero paapS1AS.
HanpRlK&HHe ao3HHKHOll8HHR ocH011Horo pa3PRAa -

no110>1KYTKe Tl1elOL4ero pa3PS1A8.
BpeMR 38n83AblB8HHR noArOTOllMT&nbHOro qaa•HraHHR» -

epeMS1 Me>KP,y MO-

M0HTOM nOAS"llll HanpR)l(eHlllR 11a nepeytQ ceny Ill B03H14KHOB0H1110M T119IOL40f0 pa3pS1AS
M0>KAY ceTKOH Ill KaTOP,OM.
HanpRlK8HH8 (HMRYJ1b0) BXOAHOro CHrHana -

MlllHlllMaJlbHSR aMnii14TYAS lllM·

nyllbC8 Ha ynpaBJ1RIOL40i4 CeTKe, npl4BOAAL4SR K B03HlllKHOB0HllllO C8MOCTOS1TeJ1bHOro
TJ10IOL40f0 pa3pS1A8 M0*AY SHOAOM 14 KaTOAOM.
,AnHTenbHOCTb BXOAHOro HMnyn1tca -

Ml4H"1M8JlbHOe epeMR c MOMeHTa nOA8"1"1

ynpaBJ1RIOL4ero lllMnyllbCa, He06XOAlllMOe AJ1R B03HlllKHOBeHlllS1 CSMOCTOS1T0JlbHOro T/10·
IOL4ero PS3PS1A8 M0>KAY SHOAOM "1 KaTOAOM.
BpeMR BOCCT8HOBn8HHR HCXOAHOrQ COCTOAHMR -

MlllHlllM8JlbHOe epeMS1 nocne

npeKPSL4eHl4S1 SHOAHOro TOKa. no lllCTe"leHlll"1 KOToporo BHOBb np111110>1KeH111e (npl4 OTCYTCTBl!llfl 3anyCKSIOL4ero 111Mny11bCa) He Bbl3blBaeT B03Hl4KHOB0HlllS1
TnelOL4ero pa3PS1A8 Me>KP,y aHOAOM Ill KaTOAOM.
"13 np14eeAQHHblX napaMeTpOB B1!1AHO, "!TO B OT/1"1"11/le OT BSKYYMHblX JlSMn rnpaTpoHSM np111CYL48 onpeAelleHHSS1 lllHep~lllOHHOCTb, npenS1TCTBYIOL4SS1 I/IX 14CnOJ1b30BSHllllO Ha
ceepx3BYKOBblX "ISCTOTax 111 reM CYL40CTBeHHO orpa11111L1111Ba10L4SR ccj>epy 111x npl4MeHeH111R.
no cnoco6y ynpaBJ19Hl4R nepexo,QOM OT HenpOBOARL49f0 COCTORHlllS1 K npOBOARL4eMY pa3Jllll"ISIOT TlllpaTpOHbl c 3J18KTpOCT8Tl4"10CKlllM 14 TOKOBblM ynpaBJ10Hlll9M.

y

TlllpaT-

POHOB nepeoi4 rpynnbl 06R38T9JlbHO HS/1"1"1140 ABVX C0TOK. "13 coepeMeHHblX OTe"leCTBeHHblX TlllP8TPOHOB K H14M OTHOCRTCR neSS, near, near, TX12f. 8 ~en14 nepeoi4, 61114)l(Sliiwei4 K K8TOAY ceTKlll, npoTeKaeT TOK, B9J1"1"1111Ha KOToporo onp&A0J1ReTCR B0Jllll"llllH0171
noc11eAoeare11bHO BKlllO"leHHOro p93111eTOpa.
Me>KP,y 3TOi4 ceTKOM Ill KaTOAOM B03H14Ka0T T8K H83blB80Mbllii nOAfOTOBlllTeJlbHbllii T/10·
IOL414i4 paapRA, 06J19r"l810L4111H B03HlllKHOBeHl40 OCHOBHOrO P83PS1A8 Me>KP,y SHOAOM Ill KaTOAOM. Ha BTOPYIO cericy noASeTCR HeKOTOpoe nonO>KlllTenbHOe HanpS1>K0Hlll0, Ha 10-15%
MeHbwe Heo6xoA111Moro AJIR l4Hl4~111111poeaHl4R paapRAS M9>KAY aHOAOM 14 KaTOAOM. Ha ary
>Ke ceTKY B HY>KHblH MOMeHT nOAS9TCS1 nonO>KlllTellbHbli4 aanycK810L4111i4 lllMnyllbC, KOT0pb1171,
CKJ1a,D,b1B8S1Cb c nOCTOS1HHblM HanpS1>KeHlll9M, Bbl3b1B80T B03HlllKHOB0Hllle OCHOBHOro TJ1el0L40f0 P83PRA8·
np111 TOKOBOM ynpaeneHllllll lllCnOllb3YIOT OAHOC9TO"!Hb19 TlllpaTpOHbl 11111111 Tlllp8Tp0Hbl
c ABYMR coeA111HeHHblM111 BMecre cerKaM111 (TplllOAHOe BKJ110L1eH111e) - TX46, TX56,
TX11 Mne-90. B aroM cny"lae 3anycKS10L4lllM 111Mny11bC noASeTCS1 Ha TY >Ke ceTKy, KOTO-

r;

paR C03A8eT nOAfOTOBlllTeJlbHblH pa3pRA. "1Mny11bC np111BOAlllT K 1113M0H0HllllO Belllll"llllHbl
ceTO"IHOro TOKa Ill TeM CSMblM «OTKpblBS9T» T14PSTPOH.

3KcnnyaTaU,lllA TlllPBTPOHOB B mo6blX cxeMax AOn>KHa Y'!lllTblBaTb HeKOTOPble cne~111cpw1ecK111e oco6eHHOCTlll I/IX noBeAeHlllA. TaK, peKOMeHAYeTCA np111 BKnlO'leHllllll CHa'lana
nOABTb HanpA>1KeHlllR 111n111 yMeHbW9HlllR ero Hlll:lKe nopora 3a)l(111raHlllR.
Bo 11136e)l(aH111e caMonpOlll3BOnbHOro 3a)l(111raHlllR Henb3R p,a>Ke KpaTKOBpeMeHHO OTKnlO'laTb lllCTO'IHlllK HanpR)l(eHlllA CMeL1..1eHlllR OT ynpasnRIOl.lleH ceTKlll 111n111 yMeHbWaTb 3TO
HanpR)l(eH111e Hlll)l(e orosopeHHoro nacnopTHOro 3Ha'leH111R.
np111 noAa'le ynpasnR10L1..1ero 111MnynbCa 'lepea RC-~enO'IKY sen111'!111Ha eMKOCTlll AOn>KHa ne)l(aTb B onpeAeneHHblX npeAenax.
OAHOH CTOPOHbl, OHa AOn)l(Ha 6b1Tb TaK0'1
6onbWOH, 'IT06b1 aMnnlllTYAa 111 AnlllTenbHOCTb 111MnynbCa Ha ceTKe 06ecne'l111n111 HaAe)l(-

c

HOe B03HlllKHOBeH111e paapRAB s TlllpaTpoHe. C APYrOH CTOPOHbl, eMKOCTb AOn>KHa 6b1Tb
AOCTaTO'IHO MBnOH, 'IT06bl K MOMeHTY OKOH'laHlllR AeHCTBlllR lllMnynbCa nOCTORHHOe HanpR)l(eH111e Ha ceTKe BOCCTaHOBlllnOCb AO YPOBHR, 6nlll3Koro K HanpR>KeHllllO Ha'lanbHOro
CMel.lleHlllR.
nocKOnbKY rnpaTpOHHble cxeMbl 06nap,a10T BblCOKOH 'IYBCTBlllTenbHOCTblO K aanyCKY
nl06b1Mlll nocTOpOHHlllMlll lllMnynbCaMlll, MOHTB)I( rnpaTpOHOB cneAyeT secrn 00060 TLl..IBTenbHO, orp8)1(ABR 111X OT 803M0)1(HOro B03AeHCTBlllR paam1'lHblX HaBOAOK Ill napa3111THblX
CBR3eH, yMeHbWaTb AO npeAena eMKOCTb Ill 111HAYKT"1BHOCTI> l\/IOHTa)l(B, a cxeMHble

ane-

MeHTbl, oco6eHHO PB3Aen111TenbHblH KOHA9HCaTOp B ~en111 ynpasnRIOl.lleH ceTKlll 111 pe3111CTOP s ~en111 ceTKlll noAroTos111TenbHoro paapRAB cneAyeT np111na111saTb HenocpeACTBeHHO
K BblBOABM naMnOBOH naHenbKlll.

YpoK 2. nPOSIIEMA conPR)KEHYJR

BXOLIHOfO YI IETEPOLJJ1HH0f0 KOH1YPOB
Ha npeAblAYl.lleM aaHRT111111 Mbl BPOAe 6b1 TaK YAB'IHO pew111n111 npo6neMy «OAHOpy'le'lHOH» HacTpOHKlll cynepreTePOAi.tHa, KaK BAPYr Bb1RcH111nocb, '!TO np111 O'leBlllAHOH npoCTOTe KOHCTPYKLJ.111111 Ill 111cnonb30BaHllllll AByxceKlJ,1110HHOro 6noKa nepeMeHHblX KOHAeHcaTOPOB C OAlllHaKOBblMlll KOHAeHCaTOpaMlll CXeMa pa60TaTb He 6yAeT. no'!eMy He 6yAeT?
Ha'IHeM c Toro, '!TO ecnOMHlllM: AnR TOro, 'IT06bl sen111'1111Ha npoMe~O'IHOH '!aCTOTbl
OCTasanacb Helll3MeHHOH np111 HaCTPOHKe np111eMHlllKa Ha nio6yl0 'laCTOTY, pa3HOCTb 'laCTOT HaCTPOHKlll BXOAHOro KOHTYPa Ill KOHTYPa scnoMoraTenbHOrO reHepaTOpa (ero np111HRTO Ha3blBaTb reTePOAlll!iOM) AOn>KHa ocrasaTbCR H91113MeHHOH np111 nepecTp0'1Ke c nio60H 'laCTOTbl Ha nio6yl0 APYrylO.
3TlllM see RCHO, nown111 ABnbWe. lll3MeHeH111e 'laCTOTbl BXOAHOro KOHTYPa Ill KO!iTYPa
reTePOAlllHa B03M0)1(H0 ABYMR cnoco6aM111: 1113MeHeHlll0M eMKOCTlll KOHAeHCaTopa np111

c

He111aMe1-tHOH lllHAYKTlllBHOCTlll KaTYWKlll n11160 Hao6opoT. KoHCTPYKTlllBHO ropa3AO npol.lle
1113MeHRTb B WlllPOKlllX npeAenax eMKOCTb KOHA0HCaTopa, 'leM 1113MeHRTb lllHAYKT111BHOCTI>
KaTYW0K B TaKlllX >Ke npeAenax, n03TOMy Mbl OCTaHOBll1nll1Cb Ha 111cnonb30BaHllllll CABOeHHOro 6noKa nepeMeHHblX KOHAeHcaTopoe c OAlllHaKOBblM xapaKTepoM 1113MeHeHlllA eMKOCTlll ot yma noeopoTa poTOpa. Ill nycTb eMKOCTb a KpaHHlllX nono>1.
Ecn111 6b1 np111 3TOM lllHAYKTlllBHOCTlll 06e111x KBTYWeK 6bln111 OA111HaKOBb1M111, TO 111 'l!lCTOTbl KOHTYPOB COBnaAan111 np111 nl060M nono>KeHllllll poTOpa. 0AHaKO HaM HaAO, 'ff06bt 'IBCTPTbl 060111x KOHTYPOB KBK pa3 He 6b1n111 OAlllHaKOBblMlll, a OTnlll'IBnlllCb APYr OT APYrB Ha
eenw1111Hy npoMe>KYTO'IHOH '!aCTOTbl.

63

C 3ntM TO>Ke HeT npo611eM. AonycrnM, pe"lb "1AeT o A/1"1HHOB011HoeoM A"1anaaoHe
e KpaHH"1M"1 3Ha"leH"1RM"1 "laeTOT B 140 "1 420 KfU,, a npoMe>KYTOLIHYIO "laeTOTY Mbl Bbl6pa111.1 paBHOH 460 Kfu,. YeTaHOB"1M poTOp nepeMeHHblX KOHAeHeaTOPOB B no11o>KeH"1e
MaKe"1Ma11bHOH eMKOern (500 n¢>) "1 nOA6epeM AJlR BXOAHOro KOHTYPa TaKYIO "1HAYKT"1BHOeTb, np1.1 KOTopoH ero peaoHaHeHaR "laeTOTa eoerae1.1T 140 Kfu,. Aeno 3TO nyeTRKoeoe
"1 H!llKaK"1X npo611eM He eoeTaB"1T.
YT06bl B 3TOM no11o>KeH"1"1 poTopa npoMe>KYTO"IHaR "laeToTa OKaaanaeb paBHOH
460 KfU,, HMO, "IT06bl "laeTOTa reTePOA"1Ha eoeTae1.111a

140 + 460

=600 KfU,.

no>KanyHCTa, 600 TBK 600. YMeHbwaeM "1HAYKT"1BHOeTb KaTYWK"1 reTePOA"1Ha AO eoOTBeTeTBYIOW.eH Be11"1"1"1Hbl - "1 AellO B W11Rne! C1.1rHan Ha BXOAe - 140 KfU, e1.1rHan
npoMe>KYTO"IHOH "laeTOTbl - 460 Kfu,. l'1 KTO eKa3a11, "!TO TaKOH np1.1eMHll1K pa6oTaTb He
6yAeT? Ew.e KaK pa6oraeT!
Ho noAO>KAeM PMOBaTbCR. noeM0Tp1.1M, "ITO y Hae no11y"!1.1TeR, ee11111 Mb1 aaxornM
np"1HRTb e1.1rHan e "laeTOTOH 420 Kfu,. noeepHeM poTOp nepeMeHHblX KOHAeHeaTOpoe
e APYroe KpaHHee no11o>KeH1.1e e eMKOeTblO 10 net>.
noeKOllbKY "1HAYKT"1BHOern 06e1.1x KaTYWeK y Hae oeTan"1eb He"13MeHHblMll1, a eMKOern "13MeH"111"1eb Ha 0A"1HaKOBylO ee11"1"1"1HY "1 B 0A"1HaKOBOe "1"1C110 pa3, TO "1 "!aeTOTbl
0601.1x KOHTYPOB 1.1aMeHRTeR (yee111.1L1aTeR) e OA"1HaKoeoe L11.1e110 paa. B HaiueM eny"lae
y BXOAHOro KOHTYPa - B 3 paaa (OT 140 AO 420 KfU,) "1 y reTePOA"1HHOro TaK>Ke B 3 paaa OT 600 AO 1800 Kfu,. l'1 ee111.1 Ha H"13KO"laeTOTHOM KpalO A"1ana30Ha npoMe>KYTO"IHaR
(pa3HOeTHaR) "laCTOTa eoeTae1.111a

600 - 140

=460 KfU,,

TO Ha BbleOKO"!aCTOTHOM Kpaio OHa 0Ka3anaeb paBHOH

1800 - 600

=1200 KfU,!

KaK >Ke TaK no11yL11.111oeb? A 1.1Ha"le 111 He Morno no11y"!111TbeR. EC111.1 HHAYKTHBHoern KaTYWeK B npeAenax OAHOro A"1ana30Ha oeTalOTeR He"13MeHHblMll1, XOTR "1 pa3Hb1M"1, a eMKOern KOHTYPOB "13MeHRIOTeR B 0A"1HaKOBOe "1111C110 paa, TO B TaKoe >Ke "1"1e110 pa3 "13MeHRIOTeR "1 "!aeTOTbl 060111x KOHTypoe. A HaM HMO, "IT06bl np111 3TOM He"13M9HHOH
oeTaeanaeb paaHoeTb "laeTOT srnx KOHTYPOB.
l.'1Hb1M"1 e11oeaM1.1, e «H"1>KHeM» KOHu,e AB A"1anaaoHa "laeTOTa reTePOA"1Ha AOll>KHa
6b1Tb paeHa 140 + 460 = 600 Kfu,, a e eepxHeM - 420 + 460 = 880 Kfu,, a eoeee He
1800 KfU,, T. e. np"1 nepeeTpOAKe poTOpa "13 OAHOro KpaAHero no11o>KeH"1R "laeTOTa
BXOAHOrO KOHTYPa A011>KHa "13MeH"1TbeR B 3 paaa, a "!aeTOTB reTePOA"1Ha - BO eKOllbKO
paa? 3To 11erKo noeL11.1TaTb: 880 : 600 = 1,46, T. e. ==1 ,5 paaa.
Ho 3TO HeB03MO>KHO npaKT"1"10eK"1! BeAb B HaweM eABOeHHOM KOHAeHeaTOpe o6e
eeKU"1"1 "1MelOT eoeepweHHO OA"1HaKOBble eMKOern! 3Ha"lll1T, HMO eeKU,"1IO reTepOA"1Ha
eAellaTb e MeHbW"1M nepeKpblTHeM?
Ee111.1 6b1 3TO "1 YAMOeb eA011aTb, TO "1 B 3TOM eny"!ae Mbl 0Ka3a/1"1eb 6bl Aa11eK"1 OT
peweH"1R 3aAa"l"1 eoaAaH"1R MHOroA1.1anaaoHHoro np1.1eMH"1Ka. no"leMy? Aa noToMy, "!TO
Ha APYr"1X A"1anaaoHax - CB, KB 1.1111.1 YKB nepeKpb1rne reTePOA"1HHOA eeKLJ,1.11.1 nepeMeHHoro KOHAeHeaTopa 6yAeT Ka>KAblA pa3 APYr"1M. Hanp1.1Mep, Ha epeAHeeo11HOBOM A"1anaaoHe "laeTOTa BXOAHOro KOHTYPa "13M0HReTeR OT 520 AO 1600 KfU, T. e. nO"lnt B Te >Ke
eaMble 3 paaa, a "laeTOTB reTePOA"1Ha - OT 520 + 460 980 AO 1600 + 460 2060 KfU,,
"111"1 B 2, 1 paaa, a Ha KOPOTKOB011HOBOM A"1anaaoHe"laeTOTa BXOAHOro KOHTYPa MeHReTeR B 3,2, a "laeTOTa reTepOA"1Ha - B 3, 1 paaa.
TaK "!TO >Ke, A11R Ka>KAoro A"1anaaoHa HY>KHO 1.1MeTb pa3Hble eeKu1.11.1 reTePOA"1HHoro
KOHA0HeaTOpa?
PeweH"1e 3aA8"1"1 OKaaanoeb AOeTaTO"IHO npoeTblM. YT06bl nOHRTb ero "1 ou,eH"1lb
KpaeOTY "1 "13RLU,eCTBO eaMoro peweH"1R, eHa"lana eenOMH"1M, "!TO npo1.1eXOA"1T, eC11"1 Mbl

=

64

=

BKJllO"llllM ABa KOHAeHcaTOpa

Ct

111

C2

noc11eAOBaTe11bHO. 3To Mbl 3HaeM 1113 3aH~TlllH

B nepBOH KH11re. B 3TOM CllyYae o6u..iaR eMKOCTb u,enO"IKlll yMeHbWlllTCR 111 CTaHeT MeHbwe eMKOCTlll Ha11M0Hbwero 1113 AByx KOHA0HCaTopoe.

A ec1111

6011ee TO"IHO, TO

C1C2

Cos~=-c
C.
1+

2

nepeA HaMM CTOlllT 38Aa"la yMeHbWlllTb nepeKpb1rne no eMKOCTlll y reTepOAlllHHOH
ceKu,111111 nepeMeHHOro KOHAeHcaTOpa, np11YeM AllR KIDKAoro A11ana30Ha e onpeAeneHHoe, pa3HOe "llllCllO pa3. 3Ha"l11T, Ha Ka>KAOM Alllana3oHe HY'KHO noc11eAoeare11bHO c rerepOAlllHHOH C0KU,1110H KOHA0HC8TOpa BKJllO"llllTb CBOIO AOn011HlllT011bHYIO 0MKOCTb, "IT06bl
yMeHbWlllTb MaKClllMallbHYIO eMKOCTb ceKU,1111 AO He06XOAlllMOH B01111"111Hbl. BOT Ill BCR
npo611eMa.
lr1MeHHO TaK Ill nOCTYnalOT B 1ll060M peanbHOM cyneprerepOAlllHHOM np11eMHlllKe.

3TY

AOno11H11Te11bHYIO eMKOCTb Ha3blBalOT conpRraioll.\eH, 1111114 Ha PaA11011io611Te11bCKOM R3blKe -

ne,D,AlllHrOBOH • .QllR AJ11r1HHOB011HOBOro A14ana30Ha 3Ta eMKOCTb 110>KlllT B npeAellax

150 ... 200 net>, AJ1R cpeAH0B011HOBOrO - 400 ... 500, AllR KOPOTKOBOllHOBOro - nopRAKa
4000 ... 5000 net> • .Q/1R KOMMYTall,1111r1 3TOrO AOn011HlllT011bHOro KOHA0HCaTopa 06bl"IHO lllCnonb3YIOT OTA011bHYIO C0KLl,llllO nepeKJ110"laTe11R Alllana30HOB 1111160 BKJllO"lalOT conpRraIOll.\lllH KOHA0HCaTOP noc11eAOB8T011bHO He c C0KLl,1110H nepeMeHHOro KOHA0Hcatopa,
a noc11eAOBaTe11bHO c KSTYWKOH KOHTYpa, "ITO npaKT11YecK11 no"lrn paeH03Ha"IHO.
Cnpae0A11111eocr1r1 P8A14 H8AO cK83aTb, "ITO TaKOH cnoco6 06ecneY11eaer 14Aeani:.Hoe
conpR>K0Hll10 BXOAHOro Ill rerepOA111HHOro KOHTyPOB TOllbKO B AByx 14111r1 Tpex TO"IKBX KS>KAOrO A11ana30Ha. lr1 TOllbKO B 3TlllX TO"IKBX pa3HOCTb "laCTOT B TO"IHOCTlll COOTB0TCTByer
3Ha"leH11110 npoMe:>KYTO"IHOH YaCTOTbl. np1111106b1x APYrlllX no11o>KeH11Rx poTOpa nepeMeHHoro KOHA0HCaTopa npoMe:>KYTO"IHasi "laCTOTa OKa3blBaeTCR 1411111 "IYTb-"IYTb BblW0, 11111111
"IYTb-"IYTb Hlll>Ke HOMlllHallbHOrO 3Ha"leHlllR, OAHaKO 3TO paCXO>KA0Hllle B0CbMa H03Ha"llllT011bHO Ill ecerAa HaMHOro M0HbWe nonOCbl nponyCKBHlllSI TpaKTa Yn"I, "ITO He nplllBOAlllT
K CYll.\0CTB0HHblM 111CK8>K0HlllSIM np111 npl4eMe 1ll06blX CTaH~H Ha BC0M A14anaa0He.
BOT Tenepb Mbl no3HaKoM1111111cb c npl4Hu,11noM cynepreTepOA14HHoro P8A140npl4eMa,
nOHR/1111 14 YCB0111114, KaK np014CXOA14T npeo6pa30BaH11e np11H11MaeMOH "laCTOTbl B npoMe>KYTO"IHYIO Ill KaKl4Ml4 cxeMHblMll1 peweHlllRMlll 3TO AOCTl4raernsi. Ha C110AYIOL1.\0M 3aHHTl111
Mbl nonpo6yeM caMOCTORT011bHO COCTBBlllTb np11HU,l4nllla11bHYIO cxeMy npocTOrO cynepreT0POA14HHOro np11eMH11Ka, a Ha cerOAHH 3aKOH"llllM Hawe 3aHHTl4e TP8A14U.140HHblMlll
KOHTP011bHblMl4 eonpocaMlll.

KomponbHbie BonpocbI
1. KaKOVt

KlllTb MOA0PHlllSfll.&llllO Hawero npocTeliiwero AeTeKTOpHoro np111eMHl41KHS'IR ero
cxeMy BBeAeHl/leM HOBblX KBCKaAOP ycr..111eH111s:i Bl;ilCOKOlii Ill H1113KOlii 'iBCTOTbl, a 3BTeM nepeliiAeM K C03ABHllllO cynepreTePOAlllHB,
np111 3TOM HaM npeACTOlllT nOCTOS'IHHO n011b30B8TbCS'I naliiKOlii caMblX pa311111'iHblX
cxeMHblX 311eMeHTOB, B nepsylO O'iepeAb - TpaH3111CTOPOB Ill MlllKpocxeM. Me)l(,D,y TeM
naliiKa 3TlllX sneMeHTOB lllMeeT CBOIO cnel-'llllllKY, He3H8Hllle Ill H0C061110A0Hllle KOTOpolii
Mo:>KeT Heo6parnMo Bb1secT111 1113 CTPOfl caM111 3Tlll s11eMeHTbl. TaK 'iTO rpaMOTHasi naliiKa - 3TO He nplllMlllTlllBHSR onepal.-'lllS'I, a l.-'0118fl HayKa Ill AB>k0 B H0KOTOpolii CTeneHlll lllCKYCCTBO, n03TOMy 83bl 3TOlii HBYKlll Mbl cerOAHR Ill nonblTSeMCR OAOneTb.
B OCHOBe nl060lii naliiKlll 110>KlllT np0"-'9CC OAHOBpeMeHHOro MexaHlll'ieCKOro Ill 311eKTp111'ieCKQrQ coe.a111HeH11fl ABYX 11111111 Hec1ie np111no111, 1110ebl, a TaK>Ke pa3HP!e
TeMnepaTypHble 111 epeMeHHble pe>Ki.1Mbl nai.1K111.

c '"lero >Ke lly'"lwe HS'"ISTb? Ha HBW B3r/1RA, npaa1-1111aHee H8'"18TI;» c H91(0TOPlllX 06UJ,lllX

npae11111, 06A3BT911bHblX AJlA acex Clly'"!SeB nai-1Klll. nepeoe Ill maf3ttOe nPQIH1110 QOOTOL-1T
B TOM, '"ITO Ka'"19CTaO 1110l50"1 nai-1Klll Ha 90% 3BBl.1elllT OT KB'"ISeT!ila npeABaPll1TQl1..HOM no,qroTOBKlll eoeAlllHReMblX Aenu1eA.
06R38T911bHblMlll 31leMeHTBMlll TQKO!ii npeABBPll1T911bHOlii noArOTOBlKlllPlllBBHlll9 Ill 38nY>KlllB8Hi.19.
MexaHlll'"leeKSR 38'"11-1eTKa npOi.13BOAlllTOR COOTBeTen:1y101,Ml/IM llltfCTPY~&HTOM 11111111 M8Tep111anoM (06bl'"IHbllii HO>K, HBnllll1bHlllK, HaA11111b, wa6ep 1111160 HB)l(AB'"IHBR 6yMara onpeA01leHHOlii 3epH111cTOCT111) 111 npeeneAyeT ~ellb YAaJISHlllR p)Ka8'"1111Hbl, OK111ettblX nneHOK,
llSKOKPBCO"IHblX no1Ke o pae11111'"IM1»1x SlllABX np11moee 111 $11IOQOij,
111cno11b3yeM1;t1x e npo1.4eoee naliiKlll.
npoA01l>Ki.1M 3Ty TeMy, paceMBTPlllBBR enonHe KOHKP9TH~e 011y'"la111 naliiKH pa3HblX
AeTa11eift 1113 paSHblX Meran11oe. IA Ha'"IHeM e onepa'-'"'"' sa11y>K1-1BaH1-1R, noeKOn!:>KY 011a
lllMeeT eBOlll ene'-'111111'-leCKllle oeo6eHHOeT111.
Bee MeT1U111b1 MO>KHO ycnoeHo pa3Ae11111Tb tta TPl>1 rpynnb1, no-pa3HOMY noAD.B10UJ,1o1eeR
38nY>Ki.1BSHl.110.

nepsy10

COCT8811RIOT M9Ab Ill ee cn11aBl:il, a TSK>Ke eepe6po, 30110TO, KaA-

Mllllii. MeTan11bl rolii rpynnbl (11111111 AeTan111 e noKpb1T111eM 1113 3TlllX MeTan11oe) 11erxo noAASIOTCR 3anY>KlllBSHllllO 06bl'"IHblMlll OllOBRHHO-eBlllH'-'OBblMlll np1-1nORMlll e 6eCKlllCllOTHblMll1
11ioeaM111.

Bropyio rpynny

COCTSBl1RIOT '"10PHble M0T8nllbl (>Kel1930, eTanb), 38ny)l(lll88Hi.1e KOTO-

pblx eonpR:llCeHo e TPYAHOCTRMlll 111, KaK npae1-1110, oeyw,eeTBllA&TeR o 111eno11b301Ja1i111eM
Ki.1C110THblX 1110COB ('"law,e eeero TSK H83blBSeMOlii TpaaneHolii eOl1RHOlii Klllel10Tbl - XllOp1-1eToro ~lllHKa).

VI, HaKoHe~. K rperbe~ rpynne OTHOCRTCA a11ioM111H1-1lii 111 ece BlllAbl ero or111aeoe
(BKlllO'"ISR AIOPanb), 38nY>KlllBaHi.1e l1KHee o6eTOlllT Aeno c 3SllY>KlllBSHllleM >Kene3HblX 111 cTanbHblX ABTane~.
B03MO>KHbl ABS nyTlll. nepBblVl nYTb -

VI

3ABCb

3TO 11ten01lb30BSHlll8 B K8'"19CTBe cp1110ea TSK H83bl-

eaeMOlii naRllbHOlii Ki.1Cl10Tbl, o6pa3yl0w,eliioi:i np111 TPSBll~t-1111111 KyeOYKOB (rpElHY11) '"111CTOro
~lllHKa COllRHOlii KlllCl10T01ii. nocne no11Horo paCTBOP0Hi.1R '-'111HKa Ill OTCTOA KlllCl10Tbl lKlllAKOeTb oeTOPOXnioea YAanRIOT 88THblM TaMnOHOM e nOMOl.l..lblO
au,eToHa, en111pTa 111n111 6eH3111Ha. np111 nonaAaH11t111 Ha KO>KY pyK ci>nioe nerKo eMb1eaeTeR
BOAOA e MblnOM.
BTOpoUI enoeo6 npeAyeMaTp11teaeT npeABap111TenbHOe OMeAHeH11te TOro y"laCTKa
anlOMlllHllleBOH noeepxHOCTlll, KOTOPYIO Tpe6yeTeR 3anyAlllTb. ,lJ,nR 3TOro Ha npeABap111T8JlbHO 3a"lllll.1..10HHblH Ill 06e3>K111peHHbli.l y"laeTOK HaHOeRT HeeKOnbKO Kanenb Haebll.1..10HHOrO paeTeopa Me,QHOro KYnOpoca (eepHOKlllcnOH M0Alll). 3aTeM K BnlOMlllHlltlO nOAe09AlllHRIOT e nOMOl.l..lblO 3a>KlllM8 «KPOKOAllln» lllnlll np11t1W1H"111tBalOT BlllHTOM npOBOA OT OTp111u,a-

68

TenbHOro (MlllHycosoro) BblBOAa lllCTO'"IHlllKa nOCTOSIHHOro TOKa, B Ka'"leCTBe KOTOporo
MO>KHO 111cnonbaosaTb ranbsaH11t'"leCKYIO 6aTapeii\KY Tlllna K6C-Jl c HanpA>K8H11teM 4,5 B,
cse>KylO 9-sonbTOBylO 6arnpeii\KY «KpoHa» 111n111 MMOMOW,Hbtii\ BbtnpSIM14Tenb c Hanpsl)K8·
Hl4eM He BblWe 12 B (n11160 8BTOM0611tnbHbliii 111n111 MOTO'-'ll!KneTHbliii aKKYMynsiTOp).
B nniocosyio '-'enb 14CTO'"IHll!Ka BKnlO'"lalOT cne'-'111anbHOe Hecno>1KlllBaHl4Sl. OMeAHeHHb1ii\ y'"laCTOK nocne YAaneH111A ocTaTKOB KYnopoca, npOMblBKlll 14
npocyw111BaH11tA 3MY>KlllBalOT KaK Ill 06bl'"1Hbl0 MeTannbl MeAHOiii rpynnbl.
l'1 B 3aKn10'"leH11te ew,e OA14H Ba>KHblii\ COBeT. np111 npOMblWneHHOM npOlll3BOACTBe Bbl·
BOAbl scex PaAlllOAeTaneii\, npeAHaaHa'"leHHblX AllR nasiHblX coeA111HeHl4iii (pea111cTopb1, KOHAeHCaTOpbl, nonynpOBOAH14KOBble AfllOAbl, TpaH3111CTOPbl, neneCTKlll paan11t'"IHblX
pa3beMos 111 naMnosblx naHeneK 111 np.), aapaHee n0Kpb1sa10T cnoeM MeTanna, AOnycKaiow,ero naii\Ky CTaHAaPTHblMl4 np11tnOAMt.1 Tl4na nOC 6e3 AOnOnHlllTBnbHOiii o6pa60TKl4.
3TO MO>KeT 6b1Tb nY>1KOM aa'"llllCTlllTb AO 611ecKa, Aa>Ke ecn111 c nneHKOiii OKlllCna YAansieTCSl Ill caMO aaW,lllTHOe noKpblTllle, HaAe>KHO 3MYA14Tb 06bl'"IHblM npl4noeM c KaH111cponbHb1M cpniocoM 111 TOnbKO nocne 3Toro 111cno11baoeaTb s pa6oTe.
AnR aa'"l11tCTK11t nocepe6peHHblX 111 noaono'"leHHb1x BblBOAOB BMecTo neas111si Ho>Ka
MffilW·leOKlll8 Tpy6Klll Ill TeneBlll31110HHbl0 KlllH0CKOnbl, MHOrO"llllCneHHble nepeASIOll.41119

Tenes111s1110HHble Tpy6K111 - 111KOHOCKOnbl, BlllAlllKOHbl, oprnKOHbl, OToaneMeHTbl, 0TOYMHO:>K111Ten111, np1116op1:11, reHep111py101l.4111e 111 yc111n111sa10ll.4111e c111rHanbl csepxsb1coK111x "180TOT (C8HTlllM9Tpoeoro Ill M111nn111MeTposoro A1118n830HOB) - KnlllCTPOHbl Ill MarHeTpOHbl,
6e3 KOTOpblX B0061l.4e HeMblCnlllMbl TSKlllB o6nacrn PSAlllOT0XHlllKH, K8K TeneBlllA0Hllle,
OOBP8M8HHSR M9AlllUlllH8, PSAlllOnOKaUlllR, KOCMlll"10CK8R CBR3b Ill T. n.
no"l8MY :llK», HY*HO Bll.40 YMBTb rpaMOTHO ocyll49CTBlllTb pac"leT Ill MOHTS:>K JlaMnoeoro KaCKSAS (yc111n111TeJlR 11111111 reHepaTOP8), RCHO
npeACTSBJlRTb oco6eHHOCTlll ero pa60Tbl, cneu1i1111Ky Hana:>KlllBSHlllR Ill pery11111poBKlll
Ill T. n. BOT 060 BCeM 3TOM Mbl ceiii"laC Ill noroBOPlllM.

70

Jlt06asi pa,o,111onaMna, npocTo ne)l(a~aR Ha cTone, HlllKOMY He H~Ha. A "IT06b1 ee 111cnonb30BaTb, Heo6XOAMMO ocy~ecTBlllTb PRA Aei1lcTe111i11: noAKntO"llllTb ee K HeKOTopoi11
3neKTplll"leCKOili cxeMe, T. e. nOABeCTlll Kee 3neKTPOABM n111Tat0~111e nOCTORHHble HanpR>KeHlllR OT lllCTO"IHlllKa nlllTaHlllR, nOABTb Ha ynpaenRIO~llli11 3neKTPOA BXOAHOi11 ClllrHan,
ycTaHOBlllTb H006XOA111Mblili nacnopTHblili pe>KlllM Ha Ka)l(AOM 1113 ee 3neKTPOAOB, o6ecne"1111Tb «CbeM» none3Horo c111rHana 111 T. n.
LfT06bl ece 3TO ocy~eCTBlllTb, caMy naMny T0M 111n111 lllHblM cnoco60M 3neKTplll"l0CKlll
COeAlllHRIOT c u,enblM PRAOM Apyr111x cxeMHblX 3n0M0HTOB - pe3111CTOpaMlll, KOHAeHCaTOpaMlll, TpaHccf>opMaTopaM111, pe3oHaHCHblMlll KOHTYPaM111. Bee 3Tlll ecnoMoraTenbHble
3neMeHTbl BMeCTe c naMnoili o6pa3ytOT TaK Ha3blBaeMbli11 KaCK8,D,.
8MeCTO pa,o,111onaMnbl yc111n111TenbHblM (111n111 reHepaTOpHblM) 3n0M0HTOM MO>KeT cny)l(l/ITb TpaH3111CTOP 111n111 MlllKpocxeMa, HO He3aBlllClllMO OT BlllAa aKTlllBHOro 3neM0HTa

nid-

6oi11 KaCKBA ecerAB BblnOnHR0T KaKYt0-n'-'60 onpeAeneHHylO 4>YHK411110. 3TO MO>KeT 6b1Tb
KaCK8,D, npeABaplllT011bHOro yc111neHlllR 3BYKOBOili "laCTOTbl, 111n111 MO~Hbli11 OKOHe"IHblili KaCK8,D,, 111n111 yc111n111Tenb BblCOKOili (111n111 npoMe>KYTO"IHOi11) "laCTOTbl, lllnlll reTepOAlllH, 111n111 CMeClllTenb e cynepreTepoA111He.
3AeCb H8,D,O cpa3y npoeecrn "10TKYIO rpaHb Me>KAy cf>yHKU,llleili KaCKBAB Ill Ha3Ha"leHllleM 4>YHKu,1110HanbHoro 6noKa e np111eMH111Ke, Tenee1113ope 11111111 MarH'-'ITooHe. Cl>yHKU,1110HanbHblM 6noKOM Ha3blBaeTCR y"laCTOK CX0Mbl, pewat0~111i11 OAHY o6~yl0 38,D,a"ly, Hanp111Mep yc111neH111e npoMe)l(YTO"IHOili "IBCTOTbl e np111eMH111Ke. OH MO>KeT coAep>KaTb ecero
nlllWb OAlllH KaCK8,D, YMLf Ha naMne 111n111 TpaH3111CTOpe, Ill B 3TOM cny"lae MOHRTlllR KaCKa.D,a
111 cf>yHKU,lllOHanbHOro 6noKa coenBABIOT. Ho 3TO n111Wb OAlllH YacTHblili cny"laili, nocKonbl(y
ropa3AO "la~e 4>YHKU,lllOHanbHbli11 6noK Ynl.f COAep>KlllT HeCKOnbKO OAlllHaKOBblX (11111111
HeOAlllHaKOSblX) KaCKa,o,OB Ynl.f.
3anoMHl.1M 3To 111 y•ffeM, "ITO Aanbwe pe"lb 6yAeT lllATlll 111MeHHO o naMnoeoM KBCK~e.
BHYTPlll naMnoeoro KaCKB,1:1,a KS>KABR OTAenbHaR A0Tanb B CBOIO O"l0P0Ab pewaeT KaKYt0n11160 OAHY Y3KYIO 3BAB"IY. Hanp111Mep, pa3Aen111TenbHble eMKOCTlll, CTOR~111e Ha exdAe i.'i
Ha BblXOAe KaCKBAB, npeAHa3Ha"leHbl AnR pa3AeneHl/IR nocTORHHOili Ill nepeMeHHOti coCTaBnRIO~lllX

nOABOAlllMOro K KaCK8,D,Y 111n111 CHlllMaeMoro c BblXOAB KaCKBAB Hanpsi>Ke-

Hllli11. Pe3111CTOP B u,en111 KaTOAB naMnbl 111n111 3Ml/ITTepa TpaH3111CTopa MO>KeT BblnOnHRTb
ABe cf>yHKU,111111: ycTaHaen111eaTb een111"1111Hy nepeoHa"lanbHoro «CMe~eHlllR» Ha ynpaensitO~eM 3neKTPOA0 Ill onpeAenRTb K03cf>cf>111u,111eHT OTplllu,aTenbHOi11 o6paTHOili CBR3111. Pe3111CTOP B aHOAHOili (111n111 KonneKTOPHOili) 1.\9nlll "la~e ecero RBnReTCR TOili caMoili none3HOi11
Harpy3KOi/i, c KOTOpoili «CHlllMaeTCR» yc111neHHOe naMnoi11 nepeM0HH00 HanpR)l(eH111e c111rHana Ill T. A·
Ka)l(Ablili 1113 BXOAR~lllX B KBCK8,D, cxeMHblX 3neMeHTOB AnR ABHHOi11 KOHKpeTHOili cxeMbl
AOn)l(eH lllM0Tb OnTlllManbHYIO eenlll"llllHY 111n111, TO"IHee, HeKOTOpbli11 AOCTaTO"fHO Y3Klllili
Alllana30H AOnycT111Mbl>< 3Ha"leH111ili. Lf111cneHHble 3Ha"leH111R 3TlllX een111Y111H onpeAenRtOTCR
no cy~eCTBylO~lllM paC"l0THblM cf>opMynaM 111n111 rpacf>111KaM, c HeKOTOpblMlll 1113 KOTOPblX
Mbl n03HaKOMlllMCR ~e Ha 3TOM ypoKe.
CaMblM npocTblM yc111n111TenbHblM naMnOBblM KaCK8,D,OM Rem1eTCR Hlll3KO"laCTOTHblili
yc111n111Tenb Ha TPlllOAe no cxeMe «C o6~111M KaTOAOM», c aKTlllBHblM pe3111CTOPOM B aHOAHOi11 u,en111, pa60Tat0~111i11 Ha Harpy3Ky, ponb KOTOpoi/i BblnOnHReT peSlllOTOP •YTe"IKlll CeTKlll» naMnb1 cneAytO~ero KacKaAa. nonHaR np111Hu,111n111anbHaR cxeMa TaKoro KaoKaAa
np111B0A0H8 Ha p111c. 17.
Aaeai11 BMeCTe paa6epeMcR c Ha3Ha"leH111eM KB>KAOi11 BXOAR~ei11 e cxeMy KBCKaAa AeTan111. Ha"IHeM c KOHAeHCaTOpa C1. OH Ha3blBaeTCR BXOAHblM pa3Aen111TenbHblM KOHAeHcaTopoM. 8XOAHblM - nOTOMy "ITO OH CTOlllT Ha BXOAe KBCK8,D,8, a pa3Aen111TenbHblM nOTOMY "ITO ero eAlllHCTB0HHOe H83Ha"leH111e - He AOnyCTlllTb nona,o,aHlllR nOCTORHHOro
HanpR>K0HlllR OT BH0WHero lllCTO"IHlllKa ClllrHana (Hanp111Mep, OT AeTeKTopa np111eMHlllK8,
Ha BblXOAe KOTOporo, KaK Mbl 3HaeM, eCTb Ill nepeMeHHBR, Ill nOCTORHHBR COCTaBnRI01:141110)

71

Ha ceTKy naMnbl Hawero KaCKSAa. Ecm11
AOCToeepHO 1113B9CTHO, "ITO lllCTO"IHlllK
c111rHa11a He COAep)l(lllT nocTOSIHHOili coCTaBJlRIO~ili (Hanp111Mep, MarHlllTHaR 11111111
nbe30KepaMlll"leCKaR rOJlOBKa 3BYKOCHlllMaTe11R), TO pa3AeJ1111TeJ1bHblili KOHAeHcaTOP Ha BXOAe KaCKSAa MO)l(eT B006U\e
OTCYTCTBOBaTb.
OT ee11111"1111Hbl eMKOCTlll 3Toro KOHAeHcaTOpa 3ae111c111T TOJlbKO CTeneHb oc11a611eHlllR ClllrHana CaMblX Hlll3KlllX "laCTOT
yc11111111eaeMoro cnelKaercsi s rexH111LfeCKOH AOKYMeHra~111111 HapsiAY c APYrlllMlll npeAenbHO-Aonycr111MblM111 napaMerpaM111.
Pe3111crop R2 Haab1eaior aHOAHOH Harpy3KOH naMnb1. Heo6XOAlllMO pa3Aen111Tb ABa
nOHRTlllR: Harpy3K8 naMnbl Ill Harpy3K8 KaCK8A8. Llyrb A&nbWe Mbl nOAP06HO pacCMOTPlllM 3TO pa3nlll'fllle, a CeHLfaC 6yAeM CLflllTaTb, LfTO ew.e OAHOro pe3111CTOpa, KOTOPblH BblHeceH 3a rpaHlllLJ,bl KaCK8A8 Ill o6o3Ha'feH nyHKTlllPOM, npoCTO He cyw.ecrsyeT.
LITO npo111cxOAlllT c pe3111cropoM R2, KOrA8 KBCK8A nOAKnlOLfeH K lllCTOLfHlllKY n111raH111si?
no HeMy npoTeKaeT aHOAHblH TOK, C03AalOW,lll~ Ha pea111crope HeKOTOpoe nSAeHllle Hanpsi)l(eHlllR, KOTOpoe KaK 6bl Bbl'fl/ITaeTCR 1113 o6w.ero Hanpsi)l(eHlllR lllCTOLfHlllKa n111TaHlllR.
B pe3ynbTaTe Ha aHOAe naMnbl OTHOClllTenbHO MlllHyca lllCTOLfHlllK8 ocraeTCR HeKOTOpoe
Hanpsi>KeH111e Ea, paeHoe

Ea= EHCr - ER2.
3To nocTORHHOe HanpR)l(eH111e Ha aHOAe OCTaeTCR Helll3M0HHblM TOnbKO AO rex nop,
noKa Ha ynpasnRIOW.YIO CeTKy naMnbl He noAaeTCR none3HblH ClllrHan B Bl/IAe HeKOTOporo
nepeMeHHOro Hanpsi)l(eHlllR. 3To COCTORHllle naMnbl Ha3blBalOT COCTORHllleM nOKOR, a ycTaHOBlllBWlllHCR nplll 3TOM pe)l(lllM (T. e. Benlll'flllHa aHOAHOrO Hanpsi)l(eHlllR Ill COOTBeTCTByIOUJ,8R eMy eenlll'flllH8 aHOAHOro TOKa) Ha3blBalOT pe)l(lllMOM nOKOR.
Ha p111c. 18 np111seAeH rpacj>111K (aHOAHasi xapaKTep111cr111Ka) HeKoero ycnoeHoro rp1110AS,
AnR KOTOporo B pe)l(lllMe nOKOR np111 Ha'f&nbHOM HanpR)l(0Hllllll CMew,eHlllR Ha CeTKe, paeHOM -2 B, aHOAHblH TOK nOKOR cocraensier 4,5 MA, LfTO np1116n1113111TenbHO COOTBeTCTByeT
cepeAlllHe npsiMon111HeHHOro y'faCTKa xapaKTeplllCTlllKlll (TOLfK8 6 Ha rpacj>111Ke).

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18. AHOAHBR xapaKTep111crnKa TPlllOAB,

Ec.B

111nmocrp111pyiow,aR 111aMeHeH111e

BP.nlll'·llllH BHOAHOro TOKa Ill BHOAHOrO HanpR>KeHlllR naMnbl B 3BBlllClllMOCTlll
OT aMnnlllTYAbl Ill cf>B3bl BXOAHOrO ClllrHana

73

nocMOTPlllM, YTO 6yAeT npOlllCXOAlllTb, ecn111 Mbl nOAa.QlllM Ha CeTicy ClllHYCOlllAanbHOe
HanpR)l(eH111e c paaMaxoM ±1 B. Bo epeMR 0Tp111uaTenbHOili nonyeonHbl cyMMapHoe HanpR>KeH111e Ha ceTKe 1113MeHlllTCR Ha 1 B OT -2 B AO -3 B, YTO np111eeAeT K yMeHbWeHllllO
aHOAHOro TOKa AO 2 MA (TOYKa A Ha rpatf>111Ke). A eo epeMR nono>K111TenbHOlii nonyeonHbl
HanpR>KeH111e Ha ceTKe 1113MeHlllTCR OT -2 B AO -1 B, YTO nplllBeAeT K yeen111YeHllllO aHOAHoro TOKa AO 7 MA (TOYKa B Ha rpatf>111Ke). VIHblMlll cnoeaM111, c111Hyco111AanbHb11ii c111rHan
c aMnn111TYAOili 2 B, nOAaHHblili Ha ceTicy naMnbl, nplllBOAlllT K lllSMeHeHllllO aHOAHOro TOKa
Ha 5 MA (OT 2 AO 7 MA). 3anoMHlllM STiii ABe een111Y111Hb1.
Tenepb nOiliAeM ABJlbWe Ill npeAnOnO>KlllM, YTO HanpR>KeH111e lllCTOYHlllKa y Hae paeHO
20d B, a een111Y111Ha pea111crnpa R2 cocTaenReT 10 KOM. B sTOM onyYae np111 TOKe noKOR
4,5 IVIA Ha p~alllcTope R2 naAeH111e HanpR)l(eH111R cocTae111T 45 S, a Ha aHOAe naMnbl ocTaHeTCR 200 - 45 = 155 B. A np111 nOAaYe Ha BXOA naMnbl Hawero ClllHYCOlllABJlbHOro c111rHa11a aHOAHbllii TOK 6yAeT MeHRTbCR OT 2 AO 7 MA, naAeH111e HanpRXKeH111e OOOTBeTCTBeHHO OT
200-20=180 BAO 200- 70=130 B, T. e. Ha 180-130= 50 B.
VIHaYe roeopR, noAaB Ha ceTicy nepeMeHHOe HanpR>KeH111e een111Y111Holii 2 B, Mbl nonyt1111m11 Ha pea111cTope HarpyaK111 TaKoe >Ke no tf>opMe 111 yacToTe HanpR>KeH111e een111Y111Holii
50 B. Han1111.10 oyee111AHOe yc111neH111e c111rHana e 25 paa!
Mi.1 0Kaaam11: «T&Koe >Ke no tf>opMe 111 YaCTOTe». 0AHSKO HanpR>KeH111e Ha pea111cTope
Harpy3Ke cyw,eCTBeHHO OTn111YaeTCR OT nOABeAeHHOrO K CeTKe naMnbl He TOnbKO no ee11111YlllHe, Ho 111 no KlllTSnbHOro HanpR>K9HlltR Ha CeTKe Ill COOTBeTCT~eHHO ysenlllY9Hllfe SHOAHOrO TOKa nplllBOAlllT K yMeHbW8HllllO HanpR>KeHlllR Ha aHOAe
Ill Hao6opoT, T. e. HanpR>KeH111e Ha BblXOAe KaCKa,Qa HaXQAlllTCR B r1pOTlllBoaae c HanpR>KeHllleM Ha ero exoAe. 3Ta oco6eHHOCTb yc111n111TenbHoro KaCKaAa eecbMa cyw,ecTeeHHa, 111 K STOMy Mbl 6yAeM ew,e He paa eoaepa~TbCR.
VI, HaKOHeu. B Haweili cxeMe OCTancR ew,e OAlllH pe3111CTOp - R3 B uen111 KaTOAa
naMnb1. Paa6epeMCR 111 c HlllM. KaK Mbl Y>Ke roeop111n111, nepeoHaYanbHbllii pe)l(lllM naMnb1
{pe>KlllM nOKOR) Bb16111pat0T TaKlllM, YT06bl np111 noAQYe Ha ee ynpaenRIOW,YIO ceTicy nepeMeHHOrD HanpR>KeHlllR none3HOro ClllrHana «pa6oYaR TOYKa» Ha aHOAHOlii xapaKTeplllCTlllKe He BblXOAlllna B o6naCTb nonO>KlllTenbHblX 3HaYeHlllili np111 MaKClllManbHOlii aMnnlllTYAe
BXOAHOro ClllrHana.
'"IT06b1 o6ecneYlllTb BblnonHeH111e sToro ycnoe111R, Ha ynpaenRt0w,yt0 ceTicy aapaHee
3aAalOT HeKOTOpoe nOCTORHHOe HanpR>KeHllle (HanpR>KeH111e CMew,eHlllR) OTPllll.laTenbHOili
nonRpHOCTlll OTHOClllTenbHO KaTOAa, KaK 6bl CMe~R pa60..yt0 TOYKY B pe>K111Me nOKOR
B CTOpOHY MlllHYCOBblX 3HaYeHlllili. Ocyw,eCTBlllTb STO L\llO>KHO pa3HblMlll cnoco6aMlll, Hanp111Mep c nOMOW,blO AOnOnHlllTenbHOro lllCTOYHlllKa nOCTORHHOro HanpR>KeHlllR, KaK 3TO
6blno CAenaHo e cxeMe Ha p111c. 8,6 (c. 27.)
0AHaKO eCTb Ill APYroili, 6onee npOCTOlii cnoco6, COCTORlltlllili B TOM, YTO B pa3pb1B
uen111 KaTOAS BKnt0Yat0T AOnonH111TenbHblili pea111cTop. SepHeMCR K p111c. 17111 nocMoTplllM,
YTO npOlllCXOAlllT np111 nOAKntOYeHllllll cxeMbl K lllCTOYHlllKY n111TaHlllR. Me)l(Ay nntOCOM Ill MlllHYCOM lllCTOYHlllKa o6paayeTCR nocneAOBaTenbHaR 3aMKHyTaR 3neKTp111YecKaR uenb,
COCTOR~R 1113 Tpex conpOTlllBneH1111ii: pe3111CTOpa aHOAHOili Harpy3Klll R2, BHYTPeHHero
conporneneHlllR naMnbl R1 111 pea111crnpa e uen111 KaTOAS R3. nocKonbicy TOK Yepea ece Tp111
pea111cTopa npoTeKaeT e OAHOM HanpaeneH111111, nonRpHOCTb HanpR>KeHlllR, naAat0w,ero
Ha 3TlllX conpOTlllBneHlllRX, noKa3aHHaSI Ha p111cyHKe 3HaYKaMlll «+» Ill «-», TaK>Ke 6yAeT
OAlllHaKOBOili.
B YaCTHOCTlll, Ha pe3111CTope R3 Ha KSTOAe naMnbl OKa>KeTCR nnt0c no OTHOWeHllllO
K o6w,eMy MlllHYCOBOMY BblBOAY lllCTO"IHlllKa n111TaHlllR. Benlll"llllHa STOro Hanpsi>KeHlllR 6yAeT onpeAenRTbCSI no aaKOHY 0Ma KaK npo111aeeAeH111e een111Y111Hbl aHOAHOro TOKa Ha ee11111Y111Hy conporneneH111R pea111cTopa.

74

BeJllll'illlHa aHOAHOro TOKa He MO>KeT 6b1Tb Bb16paHa npOlll3BOJlbHOlii B WlllPOKlllX npeAenax, nocKOJlbKY onpeAenReTCR rnnoM naMnbl 111 om111ManbHblM pe*lllMOM noKOR.
n111'i111Hy pe3111CTopa

A ee-

R3 Mbl MO>KeM Bb16111paTb npOlll3BOJlbHO, MeHRR TeM caMblM Ill een111-

'illlHY naAeHlllR HanpR>KeHlllR Ha HeM.
Tenepb nocMOTPlllM BHlllMaTeJlbHO Ha l..\enb ynpaenRio~elii ceTKlll. Ee BblBOA 'iepea
pe3111CTOP R1 «YT0'iKlll» TalOKe COeAlllHeH c 06~111M MlllHYCOBblM SblBOAOM MCTO'iHlllka
TaHlllR, a cneAoeaTeJlbHO, 111 c Hlll)KHlllM 110 cxeMe BblSOAOM pea111CTopa
Ha pea111cTope

Rt

i'llit;
R3. A nbcKonbKY

HeT H111Kakoro naAeH111R HanpR>1KHO YTB0P.>KAaTb, 'iTO Ha ceT-

Ke JlaMnbl 6yAeT TaKOlll >Ke noTeHL\lllall, 'iTO Ill Ha Hlll>KHeM KOHL\e pe31ftCTOpa
HYC» no OTHOW0HllllO K KaTOAY·

VI

R3, T. e. «MM-

eeJllll'illlHa 3TOro «MlllHyca» 6yAeT paeHa ee.rllll'il/IHe na-

A0HlllR HanpR>1KHO TO'iHO 3aAaTb, Bbl6111paR B0Jllll'illlHY pe3111CTOpa ~3. KcTaTlll rbeopsl, Takolll
cnoco6 3aAaH111si CMe~eHlllR TaK Ill Ha3blBaeTCR TOP B l..\0nlll KaT0,0,a -

aBTOMaTl/l'ieCKOe CMe~eHlfte, a pea111c-

pe3111CTOpOM aeTOMaTlll'ieCKOro CMe~eHlllR. 06bR6HR0TCR 3TO

TeM, 'iTO np111 1113M0H9Hllllll B0Jllll'i111Hbl aHOAHOrO TOKa ClllHXPOHHO 1113M0HR0TCR Ill B9Jllll'ililHa
naAeHlllR HanpR>1K0Hlll0 Ha ero BblXOA0, OTAaeaeMbllll B Harpy3KY TOK, CTeneHb AOnycTlllMOlll nyJlbCal..\111111 BblnpRMJ10HHOro HanpR>K0HlllR).
BTOpaR COCTaBJlRIO~R pac'ieTa He ecerAa RBJ1R0TCR o6R3aT9JlbHOlii Ill MO>K0T HOClllTb
np1116111113111TenbHblil1 xapaKTep. STO KacaeTCR pac'ieTa eenlll'illlH «ecnoMoraTenbHbJX» 311eMeHTOB KaCKaAa -

BXOAHOro Ill BblXOAHOro pa3A0J1111TeJlbHblX KOHAeHcaTopoe, 6JlOKlllPO-

BO'iHOro KOHAeHCaTOpa napanneJlbHO pe3111CTOpy

R3, a TaK)l(e y'ieTY BJllllRHlllR TaK Ha3bl·

eaeMblX napa3111THblX 0MKOCTelll (co6CTB0HHbl0 M0>KAY3J10Ktpo,b,lible 0MKOCTlll caMOlll
naMnbl, eMKOCTlll JlaMnoeolll naHeJlbKlll 111 MOHTa>KHblX npOBOAOB Ill T. n.).
PaC'ieT Ill y'ieT BJllllRHlllR 3TlllX 3JleM0HTOB CKa3blBaeTCR B OCHOBHOM Ha HepaBHOMepHOCTlll A4X KaCKaAa Ill YCTOlll'illlBOCTlll ero pa60Tbl Ha BblCOKlllX 'iaCTOT8X. ECJllll >Ke B0Jllll'i111Ha HepaBHOMepHOCTlll A4X B npeAenax pa60'ielll nOJlOCbl 'iaCTOT CTpOro He oroeap111eaeTCR, TO een111'i&11Hb1 eMKOCTlll KOHAeHcaTOpoe

C1, C2

111

C3

enonHe AOnycrnMo eb16111-

paTb «C aanacoM», no np&11Hl..\&11ny «'ieM 6onbwe, TeM ny'iwe». B paayMHblX npeAenax,
pa3yMeeTCR.

A celll'iaC 6yAeM C'illlTaTb, 'iTO nepeA HaMlll CTOlllT 3aAa'i8 pacC'illlTBTb KOHKpeTHbllll
KaCKaA npeABap111TeJlbHOro YClllJllllTeJlR 3BYKOBOlll 'iaCTOTbl, pa60Ta10~ero OT lllCTO'iHlllKa
ClllrHaJla c HanpR>K0Hlll0M UcHrH

= 150 MB

a Alllana30lie LfactOT (jT

20 rl..\ AO 20 1o-aHanl/ITlllLfeCKlllrli pacl.feT} c 111cnonbaoeaH111eM ceMerlicTea aHOAHblX xapaKTep111cT111K.
CeMerliCTBO TaKlllX xapaKTeplllCTlllK AJISI OAHOro TplllOAa naMnbl 6H2n np111BeAeHO Ha
p111c. 19. npe>KAe ecero OTMeT111M Ha eepTlllKanbHOrli 111 rop111aoHTanbHOrli ocsix rpacj>111Ka
ABe TOLfKlll, COOTBeTCTBYIO~llle nacnopTHblM 3Ha'feHlllSIM eenlll'fl/IH aHOAHOrO TOKa Ill
aHOAHOrO HanpSl>K0HlllSI:
/A=2,3 MA,
UA=250B.
76

npoeeAeM orpaH111"1111Te11bHY10 npRMYIO A-A'. Bblwe (npaeee) aToi.111111H111111 111cno11baoeaTb naMny Henb3R. KCTaTlll, Ha 11I060i.1 TO"IKe 3TOH nlllHllllll nerKO onpeAelll/ITb eenlll"llllHY
OnTlllManbHOro conpOTlllBlleHlllR Harpy3Klll naMnbl np111 pa3HblX HanpR)l(eHlllRX Ha ceTKe.
3TO conpoT111eneH111e, KOM, 6yAeT paeHo

UA
RH=-,;·
rAe UA - aHOAHOe HanpR)l(eH111e, B; /A - aHOAHbli.1 TOK, MA.
np111 eb16ope Ha"lanbHOro pe)l(111Ma noKOR naMnbl H~Ho 06ecne"l111Tb eblno11HeH111e, no
Kpai.1Hei.1 Mepe, AByx OCHOBHblX ycnoe111i.1:
1. np111 Ha1116onbwei.1 aMnnlllTYAe BXOAHoro c111rnana cyMMapHoe HanpR)l(eH111e Ha ceTKe A0n)l(H0 OCTaBaTbCR OTplllu,aTellbHblM, )l(ellaTellbHO XOTR 6bl c ABYKPaTHblM aanacoM
BO 11136e~Hllle 803HlllKHOB0HlllR ceTO"IHOrO TOKa c He111a6e)l(Hb1Mlll B 3TOM cny...ae He11111HeHHblMlll lllCKa>KeHl/IRMl/I.
2. ,D,se COC0AHl/le c Bb16paHHOH KPlllBble AQn)l(Hbl 6b1Tb MaKClllManbHO ClllMM0TPlll"IHbl,
T. e. JllllHeHHOe pacCTORHllle Me>K,Qy HlllMlll Ill OCHOBHOH KPlllBOH, 1113MepeHHOe no orpaHlll"llllTenbHOH npRMoi.1 A-A', AOll>KHO 6b1Tb OAlllHaKOBblM (Ha p111c. 19 aTo 0TpeaK11168111 Er).
nocKOllbKY BXOAHOH Cl/lrHan B HaWeM cny...ae COCTaB11R0T scero 150 MB (111111110,15 8),
nepeoe 1113 yc11oe111i.1 nerKo YAOBlleTsopReTCR (np111T0"'1:: wecT111KpaTHblM 3anacoM) ebl6opoM Ha..anbHOro CM6U,.\0HlllR 1 8, nplll 3TOM OKa3b1BaeTCR YAOBJ10TBOpeHHblM Ill BTG>poe
ycnoe111e, TaK "ITO B Ka"leCTBe pa6o.. ei.1 TO"IKlll B pe)l(lllMe nOKOR (T. e. np111 OTCYTCTBllllll
BXOAHOro ClllrHana) Bbl6111paeM TO"IKY 5.
1113 rpact>111Ka BlllAHO, ..TO 3TOH TO"IK0 COOTB0TCTBYIOT aHOAHOe HanpR>KeH111e 135 B
111 aHOAHbli.1 TOK 1 MA. no 3TlllM AaHHblM 6e3 TPYAa onpeAenReM om111ManbHOe conpoT111e11eH111e Harpy3K111:
135

RH =-1-=135 KOM,
a 3aOAH0 Ill conpOTlllBneHl/le aBTOMaTlll"leCKOro CMeU,.\eHlllR B KaTOAe:

Uc 1
RK =-=-=1 KOM.
/A 1
Tenepb nerKO onpeAe11111Tb peanbHOe 3Ha"leH111e conpoT111eneH111R e 1..ten111 aHOAa, 111cxoAR 1113 np0A011bHO AOnyCTlllMOro HanpR>K0HlllR lllCTO"IHlllKa (250 8) Ill TOKa nOKOR naMnbl.
nocKOnbKY HanpR>K0Hlll0 Ha aHOA0 AOn>KHO 6b1Tb 135 8, TO naA0Hlll0 HanpR)l(eHlllR Ha
aHOAHOM pea111cTOpe AOn>KHO cocTae111Tb 250 - 135 = 115 B, "ITO np111 TOKe 1 MA cooTeeTCTeyeT conpoT111B11eH11110 115 KOM.
KaK BlllAlllM, senlll"llllHa peanbHOro conpOTlllBJ10HlllR Harpy3Klll OTnlll"laeTCR OT onTlllManbHOH scero Ha 15%, "ITO He TaK cyU,.\ecTeeHHo. Ha npaKT111Ke e AaHHOM KOHKpeTHOM
cny...ae, yYlllTblBaR H03Ha"llllT011bHblH paaMax BXOAHOro c111rHa11a, MO>KHO Bb16111paTb een111"llllHY aHOAHOro pe3111CTopa B npeAenax 100... 150 KOM, "ITO nO"ITlll He 0Tpa3111TCR Ha HOpManbHOH pa6oTe KaCKaAa.
HeTPYAHO aaMeTlllTb, "ITO ec11111 6bl Mbl ace )1(6 aax0Te11111 np111MeH111Tb om111ManbHb1lil
pe3111CTOP Harpy3Klll eenlll"llllHOH TO"IHO 135 KOM, HaM np111WJ10Cb 6bl B3RTb lllCTO"IHlllK n111TaHlllR c HanpR>KeHlll0M He 250, a 270 B. CaM no ce6e STOT ct>aKT He np111een 6bl K neperpyaKe 11aMnb1, nocKOllbKY Aa)l(e np111 aan111paioU,.\eM HanpR)l(eH111111 -1,5 B (T. e. np111
weCTlllKpaTHOH neperpyaKe no BXOAY) aHOAHOe HanpR)l(eH111e Ha naMne He npeBblCl/1110
6bl 170 8 (TO"IKa Ha rpact>111Ke). 0AHaKO B MOM0HT BKJllO"leHlllR, KOrAa naMna eU,.\e He
nporpenacb 111 ee aHOAHb1i.1 TOK paeeH Hymo, Ha pea111cTOpe HarpyaK111 HeT HlllKaKoro naAeHlllR HanpR)l(eHlllR Ill, cneAOBaTenbHO, K aHOAY OKa3bleaeTCR nplllllO)l(eHO nonHoe HanpR)l(eH111e BblnpRMlllTenR (+270 8), "ITO npeeb1waeT npeAenbHO AOnycTlllMOe nacnopTHoe aHa"leH111e.

r

77

"f,.o K8C88'1'CR aenlll'flllHbl pe3111CTOP8 «Yf8'4Klll ceTKlll», TO ero 06b1'4HO Bbl6111pa10T paeHblM M&KClllMBnbHO AOnycTlllMOMy. B HaweM c11y'4ae OHO paeHo 0,5 MOM. Ho nocKOllbKY
STO 3H8148Mlll8 •H8CT81'1AaPTH08», OCTaHOBMMeR Ha 611111)1(8'1WeM MeHbW0M 3H8Y0Hllllll -

470

KOM.

Ha 3TOM ocHoeHo'1 pacYeT «pe>KlllMHblX» 311eMeHTOB KacKSAa aaKaH'4111eaeTcR. Mo>KHO, npaBAa, npoeeplllTb, 06ecneY111BaeTCR 11111 np111 3TOM He06XOAlllMOe yc11111eH111e KaCKaAa. no yCllOBllllO OHO AOll>KHO 6'1!Tb He M0HbW0

Kv.PAC'l

=

Uax.sn14n
LJ!IX.CHrH.

5,5

-~=30,6.
U,10

B03bM8M Ha rpa¢>111Ke AIS8 COC8AH148 l1K111Moe 111 een111~111H none3HblX c111rHanoe.

125
8blXOiJ

~

P1r1c. 23. ne...aTHaR nnara 1r1 pacnonmiceH1r1e Ha He~ pQA1r1oaneMeHTOB

B pa,Q,111ont06111TenbcKoA 111 npocj>ecc1110HanbHOA lllH>KeHepHoA npaKT111Ke np111Hl.(111n111anbHaR sneicrp1111.4ecKaR cxeMa siensieTCR Ha1116onee nonHblM 111 111Hcj>opMaT111BHblM AOKYMeHTOM, 6e3 KOToporo npaicr1111.4ecK111 HeMb1cn111Ma mo6asi pa6oTa c pa,Q,111oannaparypoA.
BnpeAb 111 HaM npeACTOlllT nocTORHHO 111MeTb Aeno c pa3n111'4HblM111 np111HL1111n111anbHb1M111
CXeMaMlll.
Ansi ycnewHoro nonb30BaH111R np111HL1111n111anbHOA cxeMoA coeepweHHO Heo6xOAlllMO
TBePAO 3HaTb Ill noMHlllTb ycnOBHble 0603Ha!.4eHlllR ecex pa,Q,lllOKOMnOHeHTOB, KOTOPble
MOryT 6b1Tb 111306pa>KeHbl Ha cxeMe. 3T111 0603Ha'4eHlllR Y>Ke nplllBOAlllnlllCb B nepeoA KHlllre (p111c. 21, 23, 27). EiyAeT 0'4eHb none3HO co epeMeHeM eb1Y1.4111Tb ece MX Ha1113yCTb, KaK
ancj>aBlllT Ill Ta6nllll!Y YMHO>K0HlllR. T111n111'4Hb1UI o6pa3el.( nplllH~nlllanbHOA cxeMbl np111eeA0H Ha p111c. 21.
.
noM111Mo yKa3aHHb1x ABYX BlllAOB cxeM e P8AlllOTexH111Ke w111p0Ko np111MeHR10TCR 111 APYrne. CpeAlll HlllX CTOlllT ynOMRHYTb Te, c KOTOPblMlll Mbl 6yAeM CTanKlllBaTbCR (111 Y>Ke cranKlllB8n111Cb B nepeoA KHlllre) B ceoeUI npaKTlll'40CKOUI AeRTenbHOCTlll. 3To sneKTpOMOHTa>KHaR cxeMa 111 '4epTe>K ne'4aTHOA nnaTbl.
3neKTpOMOHTa>KHaR cxeMa npeACTaensieT co6oUI '4epTe>K, Ha KOTOPOM n11160 B HaTypanbHYIO eenlll'4111Hy, n11160 B yKa3aHHOM Ha 1.4epTe>Ke MacwTa6e 111306pa>KeHO peanbHOe
e3a111MHoe pacnono>KeH111e ecex 111n111 6onbWlllHCTea OCHOBHblX yanoe 111 AeraneUI annapaTa, a TaK>Ke ecex C00AlllHlllT0nbHblX npOBOAHlllKOB, Ka6eneUI Ill KPOCCOB c T0'4HblM yKa38HllleM a,Q,pecoe ll1X pacnaAKlll. 3TO 3Ha'4111T, '4TO y Hal.4ana Ill KOH~ Ka>KAOro npOBOAHljlKa
c nOMO~blO Ha6opa 6yKB Ill L!lllcl>P (CMblcn KOTOPblX o6R3aTenbHO pacw111cj>pOBblBaeTCR
Ha caMoA cxeMe) yKa3blBaeTCR T0'4HOe MeCTO lllX nplllC00AlllHeHlllR (nOAnaAKlll) K TOMy
111n111 lllHOMY BblBOAY Toro 111n111 111Horo P8AlllOsneMeHTa (AeTan111, 6noKa, ne'4aTHoA nnaTbl).
06pa3el.( Tllln111'4HOUI sneKTpOMOHTa>KHOA cxeMbl np111eeAeH Ha p111c. 22, a Ha p111c. 23
noKaaaH '4epTe>K nel.4aTHOA nnaTbl 111 pacnono>KeH111e Ha HeA pa,Q,111osneMeHToe.
BOT Tenepb Mbl nonHOCTblO BOOPY>KeHbl Ill roTOBbl K COCTaeneHllllO (AnR Ha'4ana) Halll6onee npoCTOUI YHKL!lllOHanbHOA cxeMbl npOCTOro cynepreTepOAlllHHOro np111eMHlllKa.
HacTosiTenbHO peKoMeHAYIO no XOAY 3TOUI 6eceAbl caMOMY noCTpo111Tb Ha n111cTe 6yMar111
6noK-CXeMy, 111306pa>KaR Ha HeA no Mepe npOABlll>KeHlllR enep0A COOTBeTCTBYIO~llle ycnOBHble o603Ha'4eHlllR. B KOHL(e KOHL!OB, He06XOAlllMO HaY1.4lllTbCR AenaTb 3TO caMOCTORTenbHO. A KOrAa pa6oTa 6yAeT 3aKOH'4eHa, cpaBHlllTb nonY1.4eHHblA pe3ynbTaT c p111c. 24
Ill CAenaTb COOTBeTCTBYIO~llle BblBQAbl.
C '4ero Hal.4111HaeTcsi coCTaeneH111e 6noK-cxeMbl nio6oro P8AlllOnp111eMH111Ka? Q1.4ee111AHO, c Toro >Ke, c l.4ero Hal.4111HaeTCR Ill caM np111eMHlllK. Ac "lero Ha'4111HaeTCR nio6oA np111eMHlllK? 3To Mbl 3HaeM: OH ecerAa Hal.4111HaeTCR c np111eMHOUI aHTeHHbl. nosTOMY B neBOM
eepHeM yrny n111CTa 6yMarlll Hap111cyeM ycnOBHOe o603Ha'4eHllle aHTeHHbl.
KyAa e np111eMH111Ke nocTynaeT c111rHan, np111HRTblUI aHTeHHoUI? OH nocTynaeT Ha exoAHOUI 11136111paTenbHblA KOHTyp. CneAyeT CKa3aTb, '4TO Te 111n111 lllHble YHKL!lllOHanbHble yanbl
e npeAenax OAHOUI cxeMbl He o6si3aTenbHO 111306pa>KaTb OAlllHaKOBblMlll reoMeTpvNeCKlllMlll 111rypaM111. Eionee Toro, ropa3AO '4a~e 111MeeT MeCTo o6paTHoe. Hanp111Mep, ece aKTlllBHble sneMeHTbl (naMnbl, TpaH3111CTOpb1) Ha cxeMe 111306pa>KalOT, CKa>KeM, Kpy>KOl.4KaMlll, a ece pe30HaHCHble ClllCTeMbl (OAlllH0'4Hble KOHTypbl, nonOCOBble 111nbTpb1) APYrMMlll 3Hal.4KaMlll, Hanp111Mep KB8ApaT111KaM111 111n111 npsiMoyronbH111KaM111.
no Y>Ke yCTaHOBlllBWeUICR TP8Alll~lll AnR HeKOTOpblX YHKL!lllOHanbHblX yanoe (MlllKpocxeM, onepal.(1110HHblX yc111n111TeneA, nor111'4eCKlllX sneMeHTOB 111
3aKpen111n111cb enonHe
onpeAeneHHble, o6~enplllHRTble 0603Hal.4eHlllR, HO Mbl noKa 3TOro KacaTbCR He 6yAeM.
Ha HaweUI nepeoUI 6noK-cxeMe AOroeop111MCR aKTlllBHble YHKL!lllOHanbHble y3nb1
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Hanp1r1Mep apceHHA rann1r1H (GaAs), aHrnMOHHA HHAHff (lnSb) 1r1 PHA APYrHX.
B OTnHYHe OT MeTannoa sneKTpHYeCKOe conporneneHHe nonynpoaOAHHKOa np1r1 HarpeeaHHH He yeen1r1Y1r1aaeTCff, a yMeHbwaeTCff. KpoMe TOro, OHO MO)l(eT 3aa1r1ceTb OT uenoro PffAa BHeWHHX ¢aKTOpoa: OCBell\eHHOCrn, lr10Hlr131r1PYIOl.l\ero lr13nyYeHHff, 3neKTp1r1YeCKOro nonff. 0YeHb Ci.tnbHO MeHfflOT conporneneHHe XHMHYeCKH YHCTblX nonynpoaoAHHKOa HHYTO.lKHble, lr13MepffeMble HHOrAa Aa)l(e eAHHHUaMH MOneKYn, nocropOHHHe np1r1Mec1r1. 3TOT nocneAHHW ¢aKT KaK pa3 OYeHb WHPOKO 1r1cnonbayeTCff np1r1 C03AaHHlr1
nonynpOBOAHHKOablX np1r16opoe.
Anff 60nbWlr1HCTBa MeTannoa c xopowew sneKTponpOBOAHOCTblO (MeAb, anlOMHHHW,
cepe6po VI AP.) xapaKTepHa eeCbMa cna6aff CBff3b sneKTpOHOB aHewHelfl o6onOYKlr1
c aTOMOM, nosroMy e Tene MeTanna acerAa, np1r1 nio6ow TeMnepaTYpe, HMeeTCff MHO-

92

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XBOTlll'iHO 6nY>KABIOW,lllX Me)l(Ay 8TOM8Mlll.
Ecn111 K TBKOMY npoBOAHlllKY np111no:>K111Tb sneKTp111'ieCK111A noTeHu111an, 3TM ceo60AHble
sneKTpOHbl «OXOTHO» Ill npaKTlll'ieCKlll 6ecnpenRTCTBeHHO Bb1CTP8111B8IOTCR B opraHlll30B8HHYIO uenO'iKY, npeACT8BnRIOW,YIO sneKTplll'ieCKlllA TOK.
B KBKYIO CTopoHy 3TOT TOK 6yAeT HanpaeneH? .l\llR CB060AHblX 3nelaKTopoB 111x
sneKTponpOBOAHOCTb MO:>KeT cyw,eCTBeHHO (lllHOrAa B COTHlll pa3) pa3nlll'i8TbCR B TBK Ha3blB8eMOM npRMOM Ill o6paTHOM HanpaeneHlllRX.
Ho rnaBHaR oco6eHHOCTb no.hynpoBOAHlllKOB - sTo Han111'i111e y HMX AByx pa3HblX BlllAOB sneKTponpOBOAHOCTlll: sneKTpOHHOA Ill AblPO'iHOA. s:IBneHllle 3TO HaCTOnbKO HenplllBbNHOe Ill cneu111cj>lll'iHOe, 'iTO npe)l(A0 'ieM Mbl BnnOTHYIO 3aAMeMCR ero OCMblCneHllleM, 6yAeT O'ieHb none3HO BePHYTbCR Ha3BA 111 BCnOMHlllTb, 'iTO npo111cxoA111no
pa3pe)1(0HHOA ra30BOA cpeAe. B STOA cpeAe noA B03AeAcTBllleM BHewH111x np1111illlH npo111cXOA111na lllOHlll38L\lllR MOneKYn ra3a, T. e. OT aTOMOB, COCT8BnRIOW,lllX MOneKYnY ra3a, no
T0M 111n111 lllHblM nplll!illlHaM OKa3blBMCR OTOpBaHHblM OAlllH sneKTpOH, BCneACTBllle 'iero
OCTaBWBRCR 'i8CTb MoneKYnbl npeBpaw,anacb B nonO:>KlllTenbHO 38PR:>KeHHblA lllOH.
Ill KOrAB K y!i8CTKY c TaKlllM pa3pe)l(eHHblM lllOHlll3111POB8HHblM r830M nOAKnlO'iMlll lllCTO'iHlllK nOCTORHHOro HanpR)l(0HlllR, B ra30BOA CP0A0 B03HlllKMlll ABB P83HblX 3neKTplll'ieCKlllX TOKa: OAlllH 1113 HI/IX o6pa30BblBMlll CB060AHble sneKTpOHbl, HanpaBnRBWlll0CR,
KaK Ill nono)l(eHO, B CTOPOHY nonO)l(lllTenbHOrO sneKTPOAB, a nlllWlllBWllleCR sneKTpOHOB
nonO)l(l/ITenbHble lllOHbl HB'illlHMlll M0AJ'l0HHO nepeMeW,8TbCR B npOTlllBOnonO)l(HOM HanpaeneHllllll - B CTOpOHy 0TPlllL\8T0nbHOro sneKTpOAB.
no'ieMy MeAJ'leHHO? ,D,a nOTOMY 'iTO Macca lllOHa BO MHOro pa3 6onbwe MaCCbl sneKTpoHa, a 3Ha'illlT, np111 OAHOA Ill TOA )1(0 eenlll'il/IHe noTeHL\lllMa sneKTplll'ieCKOro nonR CKOPOCTlll I/IX ABlll)l(eHlllR 6YAYT o6paTHO nponopu1110HanbHbl lllX MBCCaM.
CTano 6b1Tb, caMa B03MO)l(HOCTb cyw,ecTBOBSHlllR B OAHOA 111 TOA *e npoBOARw,eA
cpeAe AByx pa3HblX no HanpaBneH11110 111 no CKopocrn nepeMew,eH111iil Hoc111Teneli1 3neKTp111'iecK111x 3aPRAOB - RBneHllle 06bl'iHOe Ill WlllPOKO 111cnonb3yeMoe Ha npaKTlllKe.
0AH8KO CB060AHOe nepeMew,eH111e lllOHOB B03MO:>KHO TOnbKO B :>KlllAKOCTRX Ill ra38X.
A Bee nonynpoBOAHlllKlll npeACTaBnRIOT co6oli1 TBePAble Tena, no3TOMY r0Bop111Tb o nepeMew,eH111111 B HI/IX lllOHOB He nplllXOAlllTCR. Ill TeM He MeHee nplllHRTO C'illlT8Tb, 'iTO B Tene
nonynpoBOAHlllKB OAHOBpeMeHHO nplllCYTCTBYIOT ABB pa3HblX BlllAB HOCl/ITeneA 38PRA8 sneKTpOHbl Ill ... AblPKlll.
KorAB CbeABIOT 6y6n111K, OCT80TCs:I ••• AblPKB OT 6y6n111Ka. BOT TO'iHO TaK )1(0 CneAyeT
nOHlllMaTb, 'iTO KOrAB OT 8TOM8 «OTPblB80TCR» sneKTpOH, TO B 3TOM MecTe aToMa OCTaeTCR «AblPKB OT sneKTpOH8». A nOCKOnbKY nlllWlllBWllllilCR 3neKTpOHa 8TOM CTaHOBlllTCR
nonO)l(lllT0nbHO 3apR:>K0HHblM, OH CTpeMlllTCR «noAM8Tb» nio6oli1 nponeTalOW,llllil Ml/IMO
CB060AHblli! 3neKTpOH Ill B0PHYTb ero... Ha MeCTO «YAPaBwero» 3neKTpOH8, T. e. B o6pa30B8BWYIOCR «AblPKY"· A 3TO no3BOnReT roBOPlllTb o TOM, 'iTO AblpKa o6nSAaeT eA111Hlll'iHblM nonO)l(lllTenbHblM 38PRAOM, paBHblM no Benlll'illlHe OTPlllL\aTenbHOMY 38PRAY
sneKTPOHa.
Ho BeAb aTOMbl Ill MoneKynbl B TB0PAOM Tene He MOrYT CB060AHO nepeMew,aTbCR.
A 3H8'illlT, Ill o6pa30BaBWllleCR AblpKlll, XOTb OHi/i Ill nonO)l(lllT0nbHO 38PR:>KeHbl Ill RBnRIOTCR
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6e3 6111neToB, AaX111KC"1POE18HHOe
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A06111TCR 6onee noAp06HO 03HBKOMlllTbCR co CTpOeHllleM BTOMB «KnBCClll"l0CKOro» nonynp080AHlllKB - repMBHlllR (Ge).
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28 1113 HI/IX 3BHlllMBIOT TBK HB3b18BeMbl0 8HYTP0HHlll0 op6111Tbl Ill Hiii np111 KBKlllX o6CTORTenbCT8ax He MOrYT «OTOP8BTbCR» OT RAPS. A Ha CBMO~ nocneAHe~. HBPv>KHO~ op6111Te, pacnonaralOTCR OCTB8WllleCR 4 aneKTpOHa. OHlll HB3b18BIOTCR 8aneHTHblMlll.
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e HanpaeneH111111 0Tp1111.taTenbHoro non10ca nepeMew,a10TCS1 AblPKlll.
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8 nl060M nonynpoBOAHlllKe ecerAS lllM00TCSI KaKOe-TO KOnlll"leCTBO 1113Ha"lanbHO ceo60AHblX, T. e. He BXOAS!W,lllX B COCTaB aTOMOB sneKTJ)OHOB. "1MeHHO OHi/i C03A8IOT sneKTpOHHYIO npoeOAlllMOCTb. A ABlll>KYW,lllecsi nono>K111TenbHO aapsi>KeHHble AblPKlll CTaHOBSITCSI
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npoAenaTb caMocTas:iTe11bHO, 6e3 nOACKa3oK. Ma>KHO 11111wb HaMeKHyTb, 'ITO 1113MeHeH111e
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0611BA8Tb npOll13BOJ1bHblMlll 3HeprlllRMlll. 3Hepr111si Jll06oro sneKTpOHa MO)l(eT nplllHl/IMaTb
n111wb onpeAeneHHb1e AlllCKpeTHble 3HaYeHlllR, H83blBaeMble SHepreT111KeHlllSI RApa.
noHRTHO, '4TO TaKoiii «yAaneHHbliii» sneKTpOH o6naAaeT 6onbweiii sHeprneiii, '4eM ero
co6paTbR no o6w,eiii op6111Te. Ill ecn111 TaKoiii sneKTpoH no>1KeT
TOnbKO B CTporo onpeAeneHHOM KOn111'4eCTBe, eAlllHlllt..teiii 1113MepeHl/ISI KOTOpoiii RBnR9TCSI
KeaHT (111n111, APYrlllMlll cnoeaM111, cj>OTOH).
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(BKnl0'4aR >Kemb1iii, opaH>Keebliii 111 3eneHb1iii). KoHcTpyKT111eHo
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e ero Kopnyce.
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Aenb1 3HaH111R 3aKOHa 0Ma.
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CneAyiow.ee aaHS1T111e Mbl noceRmM 3HaKOMCTBY c TpaH3111CTopaM111.

Ypox 2. COCTAB/IREM
nonHYIO nPMHUMnMAnbHYIO
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TBKYIO cxeMy cj>yHKL.tlllOHanbHOrO yana HaAO paccMaTplllBBTb KaK enonHe 3aKOH'4eHHbti71
6nOK, 111Me10w,111iii BXOAHbte Ill BblXOAHbl9 KneMMbl AnSI coeAlllHeHlllR c COCeAHlllMlll cj>yHK·
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n111raH111e flpllleMHlllKa 6yAeM oey~eeTl3llRTb OT e111110BOiii eeTlll e HanpR>KeH111eM 220 8,
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nepeMeHHbliii KOHAeHcarop e B03AYWHblM A1113lleKTplllKOM, a Bbl60p AlllanaaOHOB 6yAeM
ocy~ecTBllRTb e noMo~blO TaK Ha3b1eaeMoro «raneTHoro» nepeKJ110ifaTe11R Ha TPlll no11o>KeH111R.
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11t, ri:iasHoe, snonHe oeoaHaHHO.
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11 nPMHUMn PABOTbl TPAH3MCTOPA
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3rn np1116opb1 111 ecTb nnocKOCTHble TpaH3111CTOpbl ABYX BlllAOB npoBOAlllMOcrn:
(p111c.

46,a)

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paccMaTp111eaTb OAlllH 1113 arnx ABYX BlllAOB -

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p-cnosi-

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3TO 111111306pa>1l(l/IACleT nepBblH
ciopnp1113. Aeno a TOM, 'iTO AnSI pa6oTbl TpaH3111CTopa 3TO He np111H~111n111anbHO. Ecn111 6b1
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3MlllTTepOM. Aanbwe Mbl e11.1e eepHeMCSI K 3TOMY pa3Jllll'illll0 Ill BblSIC-

HlllM, 'ieM OHO o6ycnoeneHO, a noKa np111MeM 3TO K CBeAeHllllO.
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1 MM?

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0, 1

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3TO OAHa TblCSl'iHaSI AOnSI Mlllnn111-

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70

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c 3TlllM eonpoCOM Mbl 6yAeM ceroAHSI paa6111paTbCSI O'ieHb

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B -

BHBWHllliil BlllA cospeMeHHblX TpaH3111CTOPOB

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H"1M nposieneH"1RM
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BHYTPeHHee conpoT111eneH111e (Ri)
OTHoWeHIAe noneaHaSI MOll.\HOCTb/ra6aplllTbl
CpoK cnyiK6bl (Aonroee'IHOCTb) np111 rapaHTi.1poeaHHblx
nacnopTHblX ycnoe111six aKcnnyaTa1..1111111
CKllOHHOCTb K «MlllKpooHHOMY" aeKTy

BblCOKOe
(COTHlll KOM

Hlll3KQe

Ill 8AlllHlllLlb1 MOM)

(A8CSITKlll
111n111 COTHlll OM)

COTHlll K0M

8AlllHlllLlbl KOM

Hlll3KQe

BblCOKQe

COTHlll '18COB

A0CSITKlll TblCSl'I
'18COB

0CTb

H0T

ClllnbHaSI

HeT

MexaH111'1eCKasi npO'IHOCTb (np111MeH111TenbHO K naMnaM B CT0K11SIHHblX 6annoHax)

Hlll3K8SI

BblCOK8SI

Kn,D, (OTHOW0Hllle none3HOH MOll.\HOOTlll K nOTpe6nsieMOH
OT lllCTO'IH"1Ka nl!ITaHlllSI)

Hlll~KlllH

BblCOKlll~

3ae111c111MOCTb ecex napaMeTpoe OT een111'1111Hbl
Hanpsi)l(eH111S1 HaKana

126

-

B 3TOM CMblCne OHlil He MOrnlil KOHKYPlilPOBaTb c pa,o,1i1onaMnaM1i1 B annapatype Ha Ali1ana3oHax YKB 1i1 CB'-1. CeroAHsi KaprnHa pe3KO li13MeH1i1nacb, 1i1 coBpeMeHHb1e TpaH31i1CTOPbl, AlilOAbl 1i1 MlilKpocxeMbl 3¢¢eKrnBHO pa60Ta10T npaKrn1.1ecK1i1 Ha ecex Ali1ana3oHax.
EA1i1HCTBeHHblM cyw,ecTeeHHblM 111, yBbl, HeycTpaHli!MblM HeAOCTaTKOM 61i1nonsipHblX
TpaH31i1CTOpOB 6b1n Iii OCTaeTCSI AOBOnbHO 6onbWOVl TOK 6a3bl, 06ycn0Bn1i1eaiow,1i1VI Hli13KOe BXOAHOe conpOTli1BneH1i1e TpaH31i1CTOpHoro yc1i1n1i1TenbHOro KaCKa,o,a Iii, KaK cneACTBlile, ClilnbHOe wyHrnpoBaH1i1e li1CTOYHli1Ka ClilrHana. 3TOT HeAOCTaTOK ClilnbHO 3aTPYAHSleT CTblKOBaH1i1e TpaH31i1CTOpHoro KaCKaAa c pe30HaHCHblMli1 ClilCTeMaMlil BblCOKOVl
A06pOTHOCTli1.
lllMeHHO 3TOT H0AOCTaTOK 3acTaB1i1n KOHCTPYKTOPOB LllCKaTb nyrn nOBblWeHlilSI BXOAHOro conpornBneH1i1si, YTO B 1i1Tore np1i1Beno K nosieneH1i110 TpaH31i1CTopoe Hoeoro noKoneH1i1S1, 1i1cnonb3YIOW.li1X lilHOVl npli1HLl,"1n pa60Tbl. 3TO TaK Ha3blBaeMbl0 noneBble TpaH31i1CTOpbl. Ha3BaHli1e noneBble OTpa)l(aeT TOT ¢aKT, "!TO ynpaeneH1i1e TOKOM 1.1epe3 TpaH31i1CTOP ocyw,eCTBnsieTCSI He TOKOM B 6a30B0Vl u,en1i1, a 3neKTPOCTaTli1YeCKli1M noneM, np1i1no)l(eHHblM KO «BXOAHOMY» 3neKTPOAY TpaH31i1CTOpa. 3TOT nocneAHlilVl peBOnlOLl,lilOHHblVl
war no cyw,ecTBY ycTpaHSleT see OCTanbHble HeAOCTaTKlil TpaH31i1CTOPOB no cpaBHeHlillO
c pa,o,1i1onaMnaM1i1, KOTOpble npli1BOAli1nli1Cb B cpaBHlilTenbHOVl Ta6n1i1u,e AflSI 61t1nonsipHblX
TpaH31i1CTOpOB.
noneBb1e TpaH3"1CTOpbl -

3TO TeMa oco6oro OTAenbHOro pa3r0Bopa, "1 1t1MeHHO

0 HlilX Mbl ceVIYac Iii norOBOPlilM. noneBble TpaH31i1CTOPbl, KOTOpble ew,e Ha3btBalOT YH"1nonsipHblMli1 1i1n1t1 KaHanbHblMlil, nocTpoeHbl no COBepweHHO lilHOMY np"1HLl,li1ny, "!TO HarnSIAHO BlilAHO ~e "13 p1i1c.

49.

B HlilX HeT OTAenbHblX nepeXOAOB -

3Mli1TTep-6a38 Iii

6a3a-KonneKTop. TaK Ha3blBaeMoe Teno TpaH31i1CTopa npeACTaBnsieT co6oVI MaTep1i1an
nonynpOBOAHlilKa OAHOVI npoBOAlilMOCrn (B cny1.1ae, KOTOPblVl Mbl paccMaTplilBaeM n~npoBOA"1MOCTli1) "1 SIBnSl0TCSI npoBOASIUJ,lilM KaHanoM AflSI TOKa BO BHewHeVI u,en1i1 (OTKy-

Aa Iii Ha388Hli1e -

KaHanbHblVl TpaH3"1CTOp). '-IT06bl ASnbwe He nYTBTbCSI B TepMlilHax,

HaJJ.O 3anOMHli1Tb, "!TO y noneBblX TpaH3"1CTOpOB TP"1 "1X 3neKTPOAa Ha3blB8IOTCSI li1H8Ye,
YeM y 61i1nonsipHb1x. To, YTO y 61i1nom1pHblX TpaH31i1CTOPOB Ha3blBaeTcsi 3M1i1nepoM, y

m::>-

neeb1x Ha3btBaeTCSI "1CTOKOM, TO, "!TO KOnneKTOPOM,- CTOKOM, a ponb 6a3bl BblnOnHSleT
3aTBOp. lllMeHHO TaK Ha HaweM p1i1cyHKe (p1i1c.

49)

Iii o603HaYeHbl 3Tli1 311eKTPOAbl.

1113 p1i1cyHKa SICHO BlilAHO, "!TO eAli1HCTB0HHOVl npoBOASIUJ,eV! u,enblO TpaH31i1CTOpa SIBnSleTCSI K8H811 B Tene TpaH3"1CTOpa, a 1113 3TOro

nerKO

nepeV!rn K 3aKnlOYeHli1IO, "!TO TOK BO

BHeWHeVI u,en1i1 np1i1 Heli13MeHHOVl Ben1i11.11i1He HanpS1)1(0Hli1SI lilCTOYHli!Ka n1i1TaHli1SI MO)l(ST onpeAenSITbCSI li1CKnlO"lli1TenbHO B0111i1"lli1HOVI BHYTPSHHero conpornBneHlilSI KaHana.

Ill

~ co-

BCeM nerKO AOra,o,aTbCSI, "!TO B 3TOM cny1.1ae ynpaBJlSITb TOKOM 1.1epe3 TpaH31i1CTOP MO)l(HO
TOnbKO nYTeM li13M0H0Hli1SI 3TOro BHYTPSHHero conpornBJ10Hli1SI, "!TO Ha npaKrnKe Iii ocyw,eCTB11SleT ynpaB11SllOUJ,li1Vl 3neKTPOA -

3aTBOp.

CmoK ([)

\

RHazp no11e{jou mpaH3ucmop
c KaHa110H n-muna

rt=T CmoK
3am{jop ~ J1cmoK
ru2Ha11

P111c:. 49. CxeMl3rn'leCKoe ycTpoir1cTso no11esoro (KaHaJlbHOro) TpaH3111CTOpa

127

A Tenepb

nocM0Tp11tM, KaK ycTpoeH 1.1 pa6oTaeT no11eeoii1 TpaH311tCTop. n11aCT11tHKa 1113

no11ynpOBOAH11tKa lltMeeT Ha npOTlllBOnOJ10)1(HblX KOHL.lax BblBOAbl 3/leKTPOAOB (lllCTOK CHlll3Y Ill CTOK -

ceepxy). B 1..1enb lltCTOYHlllKa n11tTaH11ts:I co CTOPOHbl CTOKa BKnlOYeH pe3111c-

TOp Harpy3Klll RH. BAO/lb Tpa311tCTOpa, no KaHany, npoTeKaeT TOK OCHOBHblX HOC11tTe11eii1
(e HaweM cnyYae - 311eKTpOHOB).
BxoAHas:i (ynpas11s:110w,as:i) 1..1enb TpaH311tCTopa (saTeop) npeACTaens:ieT co6oii1 30HY
c nporneono110)l(HblM TlllnOM npOBOAlllMOCTllt - B HaweM cnyyae c npoBOAlllMOCTblO
p-rnna. "'1CTOYHlllK n111TaH11ts:I BXOAHOVI 1..1en111 (E1) C03AaeT Ha eAlllHCTBeHHOM p-n-nepeXOAe o6paTHoe (san111pa10w.ee) Hanps:i)l(eH111e.
nocneAOBaTe/lbHO c 3TlllM lllCTOYHlllKOM nOCTOS'IHHOro Hanps:i)l(eHlllS'I 06blYHO BKnlOYaIOT Ill lllCTOYHlllK nepeMeHHOro Hanps:i)l(eHlllS'I none3HOro ClltrHana, YT06bl ee1111tY11tHa CyMMapHoro 3an111pa10w.ero Hanps:i)l(eH111s:i onpeAe11s:111acb TOllbKO 1113MeHeH11teM aMnlllllTYAbl
BXOAHOrO ClllrHana. no cyw,eCTBY TOYHO TaK )Ke, KaK 3TO 6blJ10 B 1..1en111 ynpaBJ1RIOW,eii1
ceTKlll naMnoeoro Tp11t0Aa.
CMblCJ1 npOlllCXOAS'IW.lllX B noneeoM TpaH3111CTOpe npo1..1eccoe CBOAITTCS'I K ClleAylOw,eMy: no Mepe yee11111YeH111s:i BXOAHOro HanpR>KeH111R Ha aaTeope aan111pa10w,111ii1 cnoii1 p-n-nepexoAa craHOBlllTCs:i rnnw.e, a nonepeYHoe ceYeH111e npoaoAs:iw.ero KaHana - cooTBeTCTBeHHO TOHbWe, BCJ1eACTB11te Yero conpOTlllB11eH111e KaHana yee11111Y11tBaeTCS'I, a 3HaYlllT,
TOK BO BHeWHeii1 1..1en111 yMeHbWaeTCS'I. npw AOCTaTOYHOM 60/lbWOM BXOAHOMt Hanps:i)l(eHl-1111 KaHan 6yAeT nOJ1HOCTblO nepeKpblT 3an111pa10W,lllM noneM 3aTBOpa Ill TOK yepe3 TpaH3111CTOP npeKpaTlllTCS'I.
liT06b1 ecs:i 3Ta saMeYaTenbHas:i Teop111s:i oKa3anacb pean1113oeaHHoii1 Ha npaKT111Ke, noTpe6osanocb BblnOJ1HlllTb HeCKO/lbKO yc11oe111ii1.
Ans:i s¢¢eKTlllBHOrO B03Aeii1CTBlllS'I «3an111pa10w,ero nO/ls:I» MaTep111an OCHOBHOro nonynpOBOAHlllKa AOll:>KeH 6b1Tb AOCTaTOYHO BblCOKOOMHblM, c He3HaYlllTeJ1bHOii1 KOHL1eHTpa1..1111eii1 np111Mec111. Ho rnaeHoe - HaYanbHas:i To11w.111Ha npoeoAs:iw.ero KaHana (np111 HyneeoM Hanps:i)l(eHllllll Ha 3aTeope) He AOJ1)1(Ha npeBblWaTb ••• HeCKO/lbKO MlllKPOH! "'1MeHHO
3n1M nocneAHlllM o6CTOS'ITeJ1bCTBOM 06bs:ICHS'leTCS'I TOT ¢aKT, YTO noneBble TpaH3111CTOpbl
CMOr/1111 nOS'IBlllTbCS'I Ha ceeT TO/lbKO nocne ycoeepweHCTBOBaHlllS'I npOMblWJ1eHHO-npo1113B0ACTBeHHblX MlllKPOTeXHOJ10rlllii1, n03BOJ1s:llOW,lllX onep111poeaTb c MlllKPOHHblMlll ee11111Y11tHaM11t.
l.!To KacaeTCs:i npaKT111YecKoro ycTpoVICTea 11111111 KOHCTPYKL.1111111 noneeblx TPaH3111CTopos,
TO OHlll sae11tCSIT OT TeXHOJ10r11t111 npOlll3BOACTBa Ill cyw,eCTeeHHO pa3J11!1YalOTCS'I. "'13BeCTHbl
CJ1eAYIOW.11te BlllAbl TeXHOJ10rll'lii1: cnnaeHas:i, A11t¢¢y31110HHas:i, A11tY31110HHO-cn11aeHas:i,
nnaHapHas:i, 3m1TaKc111a11bHas:i, n11aHapHo-sn111TaKc111a11bt1as:i, M,D.n (11111111 MOn) TexHonorns:i c 11130/llllPOBaHHblM 3aTBOPOM, TeXHOJ10rllls:I c lllHAYLllllPOBaHHblM (lllHBepe11toHHblM)
KaHanoM 111 ps:iA AP·
Bee 3TO, KOHeYHO, OYeHb lllHTepeCHO, HO ropa3AO Ba>KHee TOT ¢aKT, YTO B noneBblX
TpaH3111eTopax nOJlHOeTblO yeTpaHeHbl see HeAOCTaTKlll 6111nons:ipHblX TpaH311teTopoe
(no cpaeHeH11110 c PaA11tonaMnaM111), a see AOeTOlllHCTBa coxpaHeHbl 111 Aa>Ke np111yMHO)l(eHb1.
Ha OAHOM 1113 OYepeAHblX 3aHS'ITlllVl Mbl o6s:i3aTeJ1bHO sepHeMes:i K 3TOii1 TeMe Ill pacCMOTPlllM eonpOCbl npaKTlllYeCKOro 111cnOJ1b30BaH11ts:I KaK 6111no11s:ipHblX, TaK Ill noneBblX
TpaH3111CTOpOB, a ceii1Yae lltMeeT eMblCJl BePHYTbCSI HeMHOrO Ha3aA Ill paeCMOTpeTb e MaTeMaT11tYeeKOii1 eTOPOHbl B3alllM03aB11te11tMOCTlll TOKOB Ill Hanps:i)l(eH111ii1 y 6111nons:ipHblX
TpaH3111CTOPOB Ill pa3J1111YHble cxeMbl lllX BKnlOYeHllts:I.
CaMoe nepeoe 111, no)l(anyii1, eaMoe eyw.eeTBeHHoe om111Y111e e 01..1eHKe napaMeTpoe
6111nons:ipHblX TpaH3111eTOPOB OT PaAlllOJlaMn eOCTOlllT B TOM, YTO AJls:I JlaMn np111 lllX BKnlOYeHllllll no cxeMe c 06w.111M KaTOAOM Kos¢¢1111..1111eHT yc11111eH111s:i 11aMnb1 onpeAens:ieTes:i
1113 ¢opMynbl:

128

Ansi 6111nonsipHOro TpaH3111CTOpa 3Ta Q>opMyna Henp111eMneMa, nOCKOnbKY B TpaH3111CTOpe ynpaeneHllle KOn!leKTOpHblM TOKOM ocyU,\eCTBnSleTCSI He 3a C"leT np111no:>11Q>1111..1111eHT yc111neHlllSI TpaH3111CTOpa, BKnlOL!eHHOrO no cxeMe c 06LI.\lllM
3Ml/ITTepoM, onpeAensieTCSI KaK OTHOWeH111e np111paU,\eHl/ISI KonneKTOpHoro TOKa K Bbl3easweMy ero np111paU,\eHllllO TOKa e 1..1en111 6a3bl. B 0Tn1111.1111e OT naMn, 3TOT KoaQ>Q>1111..1111eHT
AflSI TpaH3111CTOpOB o603Ha1.1aeTCSI rpe1.1eCKOlii 6yKBOlii p (6eTa) Ill BblrnSIAlllT TaK:

P=

MK
AU5

np111

UKS =const.

0AHaKO BO MHOrlllX cnpaBO"IHlllKax BMeCTO 3TOro noKa3aTensi MO:>KHO BCTpeTlllTb APYrolii KoaQ>Q>1111..1111eHT yc111neH111S1, o6o3Ha1.1aeMb11ii rpe1.1ecKolii 6yKeol.ii a (anbQ>a), KOTOpb1lii
xapaKTep1113yeT yc111neH111e rpaH3111CTopa, BKn101.1eHHoro no cxeMe «C 06LI.10lii 6a3olii». KoaQ>Q>1111..1111eHT TaKoro KaCKSAS MeHbWe 0AlllHllll..lbl, XOTSI Ill O"leHb He3Ha"llllTenbHO. Ho Me)l(Ay
3TlllMlll ABYMSI K03Q>Q>1111..1111eHTaM111 CyU,\ecreyeT OAH03Ha"IHaSI B3al/IMOCBSl3b, n03TOMy,
3Hasi OAlllH 1113 HlllX, nerKo onpeAenlllTb APYrolii, socnonb30eaew111cb cneAYIOLI.\lllMlll OTHOweH111S1M111:

J3
a.
«=1+p' a P=1-a.·
TaK, K np111Mepy, TpaH3111CTOp, 111Me10LI.11111.ii s cxeMe c 06LI.1elii 6aaol.ii KoaQ>Q>1111..1111eHT
yc111neHl/ISI

a. =0,98,

B cxeMe c o6U,\lllM 3Ml/ITTepoM 6yAeT lllMeTb K03Q>Q>1111..1111eHT yc111neHlllSI

p::

0,98 - 0,98 =49,
1-0,98 0,02

a KoaQ>Q>1111..1111eHTY 0,99 6yAeT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb K03Q>Q>1111..1111eHT 99. TaKl/IM o6pa30M, "leM
6n111:>1Q>1111..1111eHT anbQ>a, T0M 6onbwe K03Q>Q>1111..1111eHT 6eTa. 0"10Hb "laCTO
B cnpaBO"IHOJii nlllTepaTYpe BMeCTO «6eTa» np111MeHSllOT TepMlllH «CTaTlll"leCKllllii K03Q>Q>llll.lllleHT nepeAa"ll/I B cxeMe c 06U,\lllM 3MlllTT0p0M», "ITO no CyU,\eCTBY OAHO Ill TO :>Ke. Ansi
6onbWlllHCTBa xopow111x coepeMeHHblX 6111nonsipHblX TpaH3111CTOpOB 3TOT K03Q>Q>1111..1111eHT
ne:>Kl/IT B npeAenax OT HeCKOnbKlllX AeCSITKOB AO HeCKOnbKlllX COTeH, AOXOASI y H0KOTOPblX
rnnoe AO TblCSl"llll (Hanp111Mep, y TPaH3111CTOpOB
nonyrnpa TblCSl"I (2T3175A).

KT342B, KT3102r Ill KT3102E)

Ill Aa:>K0 AO

B 3TOM CMblcne cospeMeHHble 6111nonsipHble TpaH3111cropb1 He TOnbKO He YCTYnaJOr
naMnOBblM TPlllOASM, HO 111 cyU,\ecraeHHO 111x npesocxoAS1T.
B npaKT1111.1ecKolii P8AlllOn106111TenbCKOlii pa6ore HaeepHsiKa np111AeTcsi 111cnonb3osa1 o
pa3Hbl0 CX0Mbl BKnl0"10HlllSI TpaH3111CTOPOB, no3TOMY celii1.1ac pacCMOTplllM Ka)l(AylO 1113 1.1eTblpex B03MO:>KHblX cxeM. C caMolii npoCTolii 111 Ha1116onee pacnpoCTpaHeHHOlii Mbl y:>1a3e, '!TO paBHOCHnbHO OXBaTblBaHMIO KaCKa,D,a
oTpl.1~aTenbH0'1 o6paTH0'1 CBH3bl0 no HanpH:>KeH11110. TaKaH otlparHaH CBH3b, c 0,11,Hoti
CTOPOHbl, HeCKOnbKO CHlll>KaeT 0611.1111'1 K03cj>cj>lll~lileHT ycHneHMH KaCKa,D,a, HO c ,o,pyrot1
CTOPOHbl, cy11.1ecTB0HHO yMeHbWaeT HenMH0HHble lilCKa:>KeHMH Iii 'laCTH'IHO pacwHpHeT
,11,111anaaoH nponycKaeMblX 'lacror 3a C'leT yMeHbWeHMH HepaeHoMepHOCTM ALIX.
3ToT eap111aHT cxeMbl 6onee ecero np111ro,o,eH ,o,nH KacKa,o,oe ycHneHHH HanpH:>KeHMH
e YHL! e ~enHx c Manb1M111 ypoeHHMlil noneaHoro c111rHana.
CxeMa, 111306pa:>KeHHaH Ha p111c. 51, Ha3blBaeTCH cxeMot1 c 0611.1111M KonneKTOPOM Hnlil
(no aHanor111111 c naMnOBblM K8TOAHblM noeTop111TeneM) - 3MMnepHblM noBTop111TeneM.
Cnoeo «noeTop111renb» oTpa>KaeT TOT cj>aKT, '!TO c111rnan Ha eblxo,o,e KacKa,o,a no'ITlll nonHOCTblO nOBTOpHeT BXO,D,H0'1 CMrHan KaK no aMnn111ry,o,e, TaK Iii no cj>aae. no'ITH - 3TO 03Ha'!aeT, '!TO K03cj>cj>M~lileHt nepe,o,a'IM KaCKa,D,a no HanpH:>KeHllllO 0'10Hb 6nlr130K K 0,D,lllHlll~e.
Ho TOr,D,a B03Hlr1KaeT BnOnHe 3aKOHHbl'1 eonpoc:
a 38'!eM Hy>KeH TaKoti KaCKa,D,, ecn111 OH He lil3M0HHeT
BXO,D,HOrO CMrHana? Bonpoc 3aKOHHbl'1, HO OH He Y'!lilTblBaeT 0,D,HOro 0'10Hb Ba:>KHOro o6CTOHTenbCTBa. y KacBxoa
Ka,D,a c aM111nepHblM noeTop111TeneM exo,o,Hoe 111 Bblxo,o,Hoe conpOTlllBneHlllH pa3nlil'lalOTCH B ,o,eCHTKlil, a TO
8blxoa
Iii B COTHlll paa, np111 3TOM BXO,D,HOe conpOTMBneH111e
nOBTOPMTenH - O'leHb BblCOKOe Iii MO:>KeT ,D,OCTMraTb
3H8'leHM'1 B COTHlll KlilnOOM (a Ha noneBblX TpaH3MCTOpax - ,D,0CHTKlll MeraoM), TOr)J.a KaK BblXO,D,HOe conpOTMBneH111e pe,D,KO npeBblWaeT 0,D,lilHlil~bl KlilnOOM,
P111c. 51. BKfl101.jeH111e TpaH3111cTopa
n03TOMY aM111nepHbl'1 noeTop111Tenb Hepe,D,KO Ha3breano cxeMe c 06w,111M KonneKTopoM
IOT «TpaHccj>opMaTopoM conporneneH111'1».
(OK)

>-I

~

130

OCHOBHOe, ecm'1 He eAIAHCTBeHHOe, Ha3Ha'leHIAe 3MIATTepHoro nOBTOPIATem1 - CllY>KIATb
6yQ>epoM (pa3Ae111ATeneM) Me)l(Ay IACTO'lHIAKOM CIArHana c 6onbWIAM BHYTPeHHIAM conpoTIABlleHIAeM IAJ11A pe30H0HCHOiii CIACTeMoiii c BblCOKOiii A06pOTHOCTblO IA KaCKaAOM C MaJ1blM
BXOAHblM conpOTIABlleHIAeM.
CxeMa Ha p1Ac. 52 Ha3blBaeTcsi t:xeMoiii
c o6ll.leiii 6a30iii. B o6blYHOiii PSA 6blTOBOro Ha3HaYeH1AS1 (nplllBMHIAKax, MarHIATOQ>OHBX, t>Ha

':1KB

nplAMei-lsieTcsi 3Ha'llAT011bHo pe>1Ke 6011bWe.
OCHOBHble npelAMYll.\eCTBa TaKoiii cxeMbl - HIA3KaSI BelllA'llAHa npoXOAHOiii eMKOCTIA IA
HIA31Ke np1A

nonHOM (He YaCTIA'lHOM) BK1110YeH1A1A peaoHaHcHoro KOHTYPa B KonneKTOPHYIO ~enb; i.iTo
oco6eHHO Ba>KHO IAMeHHO Ha caMbl>t BblCOKIAX 'laCTOTax Bell.\aTellbHOro AIAana3oHa
(YKB).
B npaKrn'leCKIAX PM1AOnp1AeMHb1x ycTpoiiicTeax YacTo BCTpeYaeTcsi KOM61AHa~1AS1 IA3
AByx KaCK0AOB: no cxeMe c 0611.\eiii 6a3oiii IA no cxeMe c 0611.\MM SMIATTepoM. TaKoiii TaHAeM nony'llAJl Ha3BaHIAe KaCKOAHaSI cxeMa. 0Ha opraHIA'leCKIA CO'leTaeT B ce6e AOCTOIAH·
CTBa d6elAX cxeM, 0611aAaS1 BblCOKIAM BXOAHblM conpt>tllllH1eHIA9M, Manoiil npoXOAHOiii
eMlQ>IA~IAeHTOM YCIAlleHIASI no MOll.\HOCTl.f IA BblCOKOiii CTa6111m;HOCTblO IA He «HaClleAyeT» HeAOCTaTKlil KS>KAOiii IA3
AByx cxeM. Ha p1Ac.

53

nplABeAeHa nonHasi rnno-

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132

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133

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TaK111M o6pa30M, Tenepb Mbl BlllA11M, "ITO 111 np111eMH111KaM npsiMoro yc111neH111si, 111 cynepreTepoA111HaM CBOiiiCTB0HHbl KaK CBOlll AOCTOlllHCTBa, TaK Ill CBOl1 H0AOCTaTKl1.

Ill

np111-

M8HSITb TOT 11n11 Apyroiii rnn cneAYST 11CXOASI 1113 peanbHblX ycnoe11iii np11eMa 11 noCTaBneHHblX 3aAa"I. TaK, AnSI Q>11KClllPOBaHHOro np11eMa Tpex-"ISTblpex MO~HblX MSCTHblX
cTaH'-'11iii Ha

AB

111

CB

A11ana3oHax 6e3ycnoeHo '-'enecoo6pa3HO AenaTb np111eMHl1K npsi-

Moro yc111neH111si c ABYMSI 111n111 Aa>Ke TpeMsi KaCKaAaM111

YBLI,

TOrAa KaK eceeonHOBbliii

MHOrQA11ana30HHbliii npl10MHl1K c BblCOKOiii "lyBCTBl1T8nbHOCTblO Ill nnaBHOiii fiaCTpOiiiKOiii,
KOHS"IHO >Ke, AOn:>KeH 6b1Tb cynepreTepOAlllHHblM.
Ha 3TOM 3aKOH"ll1M 11 -

AO cneAYIO~eiii BCTpe1.1111!

3J.\l-Uff~IE

AEBJffOE

TeopMR
YpoK 1. nPAKTMl/ECKME CXEMbl
HA TPAH3MCTOPAX
Tenepb, KOrAa Mbl }')Ke AOCTaTO"IHO «nOAKOBaHbl» ...., He nyraeMCR CllOB KOlllleKTOp,
3Ml.1TTep, 6a3a, CTOK, l.1CTOK, 3aTBop, KaCKOAHaR cxeMa, 3Ml.1TTepHblUI noBTOp1.1Te11b...., T. n.,
caMoe epeMR OT "ll.1CTOUI TeOpl.11.1 nepeU!rn K "ll.1CTOUI npaKTl.1Ke ...., n03HaKOMl.1TbCR c HeKOTOpblMl.1 peanbHblMl.1 cxeMaM1.1 pa3111.11.1Hblx y311oe

SPA Ha TPaH31.1CTopax.

no cy~eCTBy, pa3Hl.1~a Me>KAy «TpaH31.1CTOPHblMl.1» cxeMaMl.1 ...., cxeMaMl.1 «llaMnoBblMl.1» He TaK

Y'K . . ,

ee111.1Ka ...., onpeAellReTCR CKOpee pa3Hl.1~eUI B napaMeTpax 11aMn ....,

TpaH31.1CTOPOB Aa oco6eHHOCTRMl.1 3aAaHl.1R Ha"lallbHOro CMe~eHl.1R Ha ynpaBllRIO~l.1UI
31leKTpOA.
Hy 1.1, pa3yMeeTcR, e napaMeTpax 1.1cT01.1H1.1Koe n1.1TaH1.1R. Ec111.1 AllR 6011bWl.1HCTBa
11aMnOBblX cxeM Tpe6oea11ocb nOCTORHHOe HanpR>KeH1.1e B COTHl.1 BOllbT (HO npl.1 TOKax,
He npeBblWalO~l.1X AeCRTKOB Ml.111111.1aMnep), TO TpaH31.1CTOpHble cxeMbl eno11He AOBOllbCTBYIOTCR nOCTORHHblMl.1 HanpR>KeHl.1RMl.1, «Tl.1nl.1"1Hb1UI» Al1ana30H KOTOPblX 11e>1KeHHb1e Aa>Ke ecero Ha

2 A,-

Ten11opacce1.1ea10~1.1e

sTo KaK-Hl.1KaK

50

PaAl1aTOpb1,

Br(!) MO~Hocrn,

KOTOpblX re6e 111.1"1HO eno11He xeaTaeT AllR roro, "IT06bl pa3orpeTb TBOUI naR1lbHl.1K AO
reMnepaTYPbl n11ae11eH1.1R np1.1noR.
'-ITO >Ke KacaeTCR repM1.1Ha «peallbHble cxeMbl» Ha TpaH31.1CTOpax, TO R 6bl 111.1"1HO 3aMeHl.111 era Ha repM1.1H «Tl.1nOBble cxeMbl», ...., BOT no1.1eMy. B 11aMnoeoUI TeXHl.1Ke B pacnopR>KeHl.11.1 KOHCTpyKTopa ~ellblUI Ha6op pa3HblX no KOHCTPYK~l.11.1, Ha3Hal.leHl.1IO ...., napaMeTpaM 11aMn, Ha"ll.1HaR OT ABYX31leKTPOAHblX Al10AOB AO AeBRTl.131leKTpOAHblX HOHOAOB,- BCRKl.1e TaM TeTpOAbl, neHTOAbl, renTOAbl, neHrarp1.1Abl...., T. n.
EcTeCTBeHHO, "ITO AllR Ka>KAOro 1.13 srnx Tl.1nOB AOll>KHa cy~eCTBOBaTb CBOR co6CTBeHHaR «T1.1noeaR» cxeMa BK11101.1eH1.1R,

pa3111.11.1a10~aRcR

e pa3HblX annaparax 111.1wb

137

B He3Ha'U.1Te11bHblX AeTa11RX.

A eAlllHOH

«TlllnOBOH» cxeMbl AllR OAHOCeTO'lHOrO TplllOAa Ill

nRTlllCeTO'lHOro renTOAa npocTO He MO>KeT 6b1Tb B np111H'-'111ne.
LITO KacaeTCR TpaH311CTOpoe (KaK 6111no11RpHblX, TaK Ill no11eBblX), TO OCHOBHaR I/IX
Macca, ec11111 CMOTpeTb Ha HI/IX c «11aMnOBOH» K0110K011bHlll,- :no caMble 06blKHOBeHHble
nplllMlllTlllBHble TplllOAbl, Aa>Ke ec11111 ynpaemuow,aR ceTKa y HI/IX Ha3blBaeTCR 6a30H 11111111
3aTBOPOM,- cyrn Ae11a 3TO He MeHReT.

A

pa3 TaK, TO KaK TpaH3111CTOp Hiii BK11IO'llll, 3TO

ece paeHo 6yAeT OAHa 1113 rnnoeb1x cxeM BK1110'leH111R Tp1110AQ.
no'leMy «., .OCHOBHaR Macca»? noTOMY 'lTO «TpeX311eKTPOAHble» TpaH3111CTOpbl enepBbl0 noRBlll11111Cb Ha ceeT Ill cyw,eCTBOB811111 AOB011bHO A011ro. LITO >Ke KacaeTCR I/IX ceroAHRWHero accoprnMeHTa, TO B mo60M cnpaBO'lHlllKe MO>KHO BCTpeTlllTb TpaH3111CTOpbl
C ABYMR llt11111 HeCK011bKlllMlll 3aTBOpaMlll, C OAHlllM K011119KTOpOM, OAHOH 6a30H 111 '-'e110H
«Ky'leH» 3Ml/ITTepoe -

a>K AO BOCbMlll WTYK! 0AHaKO nplll eceM 3TOM no cyw,HOCTlll ceoeH

OHi/i ece OCTalOTCR TplllOAaMlll, nOCK011bKY Aa>Ke B «BOCbMlll3MlllTI9PHOM» TpaH3111CTOpe
3Tlll 3M111rrepbl pa60Ta10T no-oYepe,0,111, a ec11111 BAPYr OAHOepeMeHHO, TO np111 3TOM ecero
111/!Wb 1113M9HRIOT a6C011lOTHYIO B911111'l111Hy K011119KTOpHoro TOKa Ill Hl/l'lero 6011ee.

A

pa3 TaK, TO He MO>KeT 6b1Tb Ill 6011bWOro pa3H006pa3111R «TlllnOBblX cxeM» BK11IO'le-

HlllR TpaH31i1CTOpOB (111M9eTCR B BlllAY Ka)l(AOrQ B OTA911bHOCTlll). noTOMy 'lTO, K np111Mepy,
KaCKOAHaR cxeMa -

3TO He rnnoeaR cxeMa BK11IO'l9HlllR TpaH3111CTOpa, a COBMew,eHHaR

cxeMa 111cno11b30BaHlllR AByx rnnoeblX cxeM Ha ABYX caMoCTORTe11bHblX TpaH3111CTopax.
nocTapaHCR 3TO noHRTb Ill B ASJ1bH0HW9M He nYTaTbCR B TepMlllHaX.

30

a)

HK

6)

12 K
8blXOdHOU

mpaHctpopHamop
YHOHHbl0 yc1.1111.1Te111.1. Tp1.1 B03MO>KHblX eap1.1aHTa TaKOH cxeMbl Mbl npltlBOAl.1111.1 YyTb
paHbWe, Ha p1.1c. 50.
Ha p1.1c. 56 npl1B0AeHbl HeCKOJlbKO pe811bHblX cxeM TaKoro 1.1cnOJ1b30BaHl.1SI, B3SITble
1.13 npOMblWJleHHOA annapaTYPbl. 3TOT p1.1cyHOK np1.1BOAl.1TCSI cne~l.1811bHO AJlSI roro, YT06bl MO>KHO 6bl110 y60Al.1TbCSI YTO, HeCMOTPSI Ha H0KOTOpb10 pa3111.1Yl.1SI, CYll.\HOCTb l.1X He
BblXOAl.1T 3a npeAe11bl cxeM, npl.1BOAl.1BWl.1XCSI Ha p1.1c.

50.

Bee am cxeMbl 06beA1t1HS110T c11eAY10ll.\1t1e noica3aTe111.1:
1. AocraTOYHO 6011bwoH Koact>ct>1.1~1.1eHT yc1.111eH1.1s:i no Hanpsi>KeH1.110 (nopSIAKa

50 ... 200

B 3aBl.1Cl.1MOCn1 OT napaMeTpoe caMoro TpaH31.1CTopa).
2. 0YeHb He3H8Yl.1T011bHblH K03Q>Q>l.1~1.1eHT He111.1HeHHblX l.1CKa>KeHl.1'1 npl.1 AOCTaTOYHO
MaJlblX BXOAHblX c1.1rHanax, oco6eHHO B cnyYae H8111.1Yl.1SI B KaCKQAe ~en1.1 OTp1.1~aTe1lbH0'1
o6paTH0'1 CBSl31.1.
3. CpaeH1.1re11bHO Hl.13Koe BXOAHOe conporne11eH1.1e (oco6eHHO AJlSI 61.1nq11sipHblX
rpaH31.1CTOpOB).
K 3T0'1 >Ke rpynne MO>KHO OTH0Cn1 1.1 3Ml.1TTepHble noerop1.1Te111.1, a TaK>Ke KaCKQAbl
c paSAeneHHOH Harpy3Ko'1, cxeMbl KOTOpblx np1.1eoA1.1111.1cb Ha p1.1c. 51 1.1 55. OT npeAblAYll.\l.1X CX0M 1.1X 0 m1.1Ya10T 111.1Wb eeCbMa BblCOKOe BXOAHOe conporne11eH1.1e 1.1 K03Q>Q>1.1~1.1eHT yc1.111eHl.1SI no Hanpsi>KeHl.1IO, KOTOpb1'1 ecerAQ M0HbW0 eAl.1Hl.1~bl.
Ko BTOpot1 rpynne cneAyeT OTHecnt ece CX0Mbl Hl.13KOYaCTOTHblX yc1.1111.1TeneH MOU,.\HOCn1, pa3Ae11SllOU,.\l.10CSI, B CBOIO OYepSAb, Ha OAHOTaKTHble 1.1 AByXTaKTHble (B A811bH0HW0M Te6e B03MO>KHO np1.1AeTcsi cTanK1.1eaTbCS1 c APYrl1M Ha3BaH1t1eM ABYXTaKTHblX cxeM
1.1 icacKQAOB -

nywnynnbHble).

Sra rpynna CX0M OT111.1YaeTCSI OT np0Ab1AYll.\l1X AOCTaTOYHO 6011bWl.1M pa3H006paa1.18M B OCHOBHOM nOTOMy, YTO HenocpeACTBeHHO «B Yl.1CTOM Bl.1A0» MHOrl.10 1.13 Hl.1X eoo6ll.\0 He 1.1cnOJ1b3YIOTCSI, a np1.1MeHSllOTCSI B KOMnneicce c APYrl1Ml.1 ecnoMoraTeJlbHblMl.1
rpaH31.1CTopaMl.1 1.1 Al.10AaMl.1, OCYll.\0CTB11SllOU,.\l.1Ml.1 pa3H006pa3Hble Q>opMbl KOppeK~l.11.1
napaMeTpoe OCHOBHOH cxeMbl - CHl.1>K0Hl.1e H0111.1HeHHblX l.1CKa>KeHl.1H OTAe11bHO AJlSI
6011bw1.1x 1.1 Manblx c1.1rHanoe, cTa61.1n1.13a~1.110 pa6oYeH TOYKl.1 TpaH31.1CTopoe e ABYXTaKTH0'1 cxeMe, TeMnepaTYPHYIO KOMneHca~1.110, orp1.1~are11bHYIO o6paTHYIO CBSl3b no TOKY 1.1
no Hanpsi>KeH1.110 1.1 T. n.
KpoMe Toro, KaK OAHOTaKTHbl0, TaK 1.1 AByxTaKTHble yc1.1111.1Ten1.1 MOll.\HOCTl.1 MOryT
6b1Tb TpaHcQ>opMaTOpHblMl.1 (1.1 co CTOPOHbl BXOAQ, 1.1 co CTOpOHbl BblXOAa) 111.160 6ecTpaHcQ>opMaTOpHblMl.1, c ranbBaH1t1YeCKOH CBSl3bl0 Me)l(Ay BXOASlll.\l.1Ml.1 B KaCKSA 311eMeHTaMl.1, 1.1111.1 c 1.1cno11b30BaH1.1eM pa3Aen1.1Te11bHblX KOHAeHcaTopoe 1.1 T. n. HaKoHe~.
B COCTae OKOHeYHOro YCl.1111.1T011SI MOU,.\HOCn1 MO>KeT BXOAl.1Tb TaK>Ke ABYXTaKTHbl'1 npeAO ..
KOHeYHblH KaCKSA (1.1111.1 l.1HaYe -

APaHeep), TpaH31.1CTOpbl KOTOporo H00TA0111.1Mbl OT

TpaH31.1CTOpOB OKOHeYHOro KaCKaAa, nOCKOJlbKY COeAlllH0Hbl Me)l(Ay co6ot1 ra11bBaHl.1YeCKl.1 1.1 Hepa3pb1BHO CBSl3aHbl eAl.1HblM 3JleKTp1.1YeCKl.1M pe>Kl.1MOM no noCTOSIHHOMy
TOicy. OYeHb YaCTO TaKOH APaHeep OAHOBpeMeHHO SIB11SleTCSI 1.1 Q>a30l.1HB0PTOPOM, ec11111
B HeM np1.1MeHeHbl pa3HOn011SlpHbl0 TpaH31.1CTOpb1.
nocKOJlbKY Mbl pew1.1111.1 3A0Cb roeopl.1Tb TOJlbKO 0 npaKTl.1Y0CKl.1X cxeMax, TO 1.1 Ha
p1.1c. 57 np1.1B0A0Hbl cxeMbl pa3111.1YHblX yc1.1111.1Te11eH MOll.\HOCn1, 1.1cnOJ1b30BaHHble B KOHKpeTHblX npOMb1w11eHHb1x YH'-1, TaK YTO ec111.1 peweHo AenaTb TpaH31.1cropHb1'1 YH'-1,
MO>KHO CM0Jl0 CKOMnOHOBaTb era 1.13 OTA0JlbHblX KaCKaAOB no np1.1BOAl.1MblM 3A0Cb 1.1
Aa11bWe cxeMaM. OHl.1 MHOroKpaTHO npoeepeHbl Ha ceplllHHblX l13A0111.1SIX 1.1 HaeepHSIKa
cpa3y 3apa60Ta10r.

139

Hn-40

'QJ

Tp-1

J
Hn-40

220

+
6)

a)
P111c.

a-

57. AsyXTaKTHble oKoHeYHble KaCKBAbl

(yc111n111Ten111 MOIJ.IHOCTlll):

K8CKM c Tp8HC4>0PM8TOPHblM BXOAOM 111 BblXOAOM B npOMb1Wfl8HHOM npi11eMHlllK8 «COKOn-403•;
ABY>OHa (c L\ellblO MaKClllMailbHO yBeJ11114111Tb 4eTKOCTb 111306pa)f(eHlllSI), TO STY XlllTpOCTb Ha3blBalOT no-Hay4HOMy
anePTYPHOiii KOppeKL\111e~. 3By4111T COJ1111AHO.
B Ka4ecTse np111Mepa Ha p111c. 58 np111seAeHa cxeMa KaCKOAHOro anep1110A1114ecKoro
BL! yCll1J1111TeJ1SI Ha AByx noneBblX TpaH3111CTopax OTe4eCTBeHHOro npOlll3BOACTBa.

140

27

KnJOJE

JOO

P111c. 58. Anep1110A111'fecK111~ w111poKononocHbl~ yc111m.rrenb B'-1
no KaCKOAHO~ cxeMe Ha AByx noneBblX TpaH3111CTOpax

HeHaMHOro orn111'ia10TCR OT anep1110A111'ieCK111x BY yc111n111Tene~ yc111n111Ten111 peaoHaHcHble. BcR pa3Hl!IL\a COCTOlllT B TOM, 'iTO BM0CTO HeHaCTpa111eaeMOro APOCcenR, o6ecne'il!IBalOLL\0rO anepl!IOAlll'i0CKOMy yc111n111Te1110 WlllPOKYIO nonocy nponycKaHl!IR c H03Ha'il!IT0nbHOM HepaBHOMepHOCTblO, Harpy3KOM pe30HaHCHOrO yc111n111TenR RBnReTCR HaCTpa111eaeMaR peaoHaHcHaR c111cTeMa c onpeAeneHHOM nonoco~ nponycKaH111R. TaKo~
HarpyaKOM MO>KeT 6b1Tb, K np111Mepy, nonocoeo~ 111nbTP nY, BKnlO'i0HHbl~ B paapblB KOJlneKTOPHO~ L\Snlll TpaH3"1CTOpa no cxeMe c 06LL\l!IM 3Ml!ITTepoM, n11160 OAlllHO'iHblM peaoHaHCHblM KOHTYP. n11160, HaKOHSL\, CllCC. T111noeaR cxeMa TaKoro peaoHaHcHoro yc111n111TenR nY "1306pa>KeHa Ha p111c. 59.
CpaeH111Te11bHO HeAaBHO e cxeMax SPA n0Re11111111cb TaK Haab1eaeMble A111epeHL1111aJJbHble yc11111111Ten111, npeACTaBJlRIOLL\1110 co6o~ no CYLL\0CTBY ABa KaCKaAa Ha OTASnbHblX
TpaH3"1CTOpax no cxeMe c 06LL\"1M 3MlllTT0POM, y KOTOpblX 3MlllTT0Pbl B npRMOM CMblCJ10
RBJlRIOTCR 06LL\l!IMlll, T. e. C00AlllH0Hbl napaJJ110JlbHO.

i'i'
0,022 MKI...-_ _ _ _ _ t r : : Doa
15K

0,022 MK
~l---+------+-1

fil.(

~

[U2HQI/ fil.(

om nbeJorpu11bmpa

P111c. 59. KaCKaA pe30HaHCHOro yc111n111Tem1 n'-1
B TIOHepe BblCWero Knacca «3CTOHlllSI (J(Jl»

141

Pr..tc. 60. BXOAHOiil KaCKaA YHY no Ar..tct>ct>epeHL,4"1anbHOiil cxeMe
PaAr..tonpr..teMHr..tKa «MepKypr..tiil-210»

B KOnneKTOPHYIO L,\enb nepeoro (oeHOBHOro) TpaH31!1eTOpa BKnlO'ieH pea111eTop(111n111
KOHTYP) Harpy3Klll, e KOTOporo eHl!IMaeTeSI ye111neHHb1'1 elllrHan. KonneKTOp BTOporo
TPa!'l3111eTopa eoeAlllHeH HanpsiMylO e 111eTO'iHlllKOM n111TaHl!ISI, no3TOMY otf OKa3blBaeTesi
KaeKaAQM e 06U,\LllM KOnneKTOPOM, T. e. 3MLllTTepHblM noeTOplllTeneM.
Beeb cf>OKye eoeTOlllT B TOM, 'iTO OAlllH Ill TOT )l(e pe3111eTOP B 3MlllTTepH0'1 L,\en111 OAHOepeMeH~O ~blnOnHHeT ABe pa3Hble cf>YHKL\111111. ,D,nsi nepeoro TpaH31!1eTopa OH siensieTesi
111eT011H111KOM e111rHana OTPlllL\aTenbH0'1 o6paTH0'1 eesia111, a MH BTOporo - Harpy3K0'1
3MLllTTepHoro npeTOplllTensi, e111rHan e KOToporo TaK*e nOeTYnaeT B TOKOBYIO L,\enb oeHOBHOro TpaH31!1eTopa. TaKl!IM o6pa30M, nOAaBasi Ha 6a3y nepeoro TpaH3111eTopa BXOAHOA e111rHan, Mbl 111enOnbayeM Alllcf>cf>epeHL,\lllanbHblA KaeKaA KaK 06bl'iHbl'1 ye111n111Tenb
Hanpsi)l(eHl!lsl e ooc no TOKY, a Ha 6aay BTOporo TpaH31!1eTopa Mbl MO)l(eM nOAaBaTb see,
'iTO HaN! aa6naropaeeyAlllTeH, BBOASI TaKlllM o6pa30M AOnOnHl!ITenbHbliil e111rHan B L,\enb
nepeoro TpaHa111eTopa.
B Ka11eeTee TaKOro AOnOnHl!ITenbHOrO e111rHana MO)l(HO nOAaBaTb noeTOSIHHOe Hanpsi)l(eHllle (Hanp111Mep, e111rHan APY e B'-1 KaeKaAax), 111n111 KOMneHeal,\lllOHHOe Hanpsi)l(eH111e
e BblXOAa exeMbl, 111n111 AOnonH111TenbHOe Hanpsi)l(eH111e 11aeTOTHo-aae111e111Mo'1 o6paTHOA
eesi3111 no Hanpsi)l(eHllllO 111 T. n. T111n11111Hasi exeMa A111cf>cf>epeHL\lllMbHoro KaeKaAa e Ka11eeTee eXOAHoro KaeKaAa YH'-1 np111eeAeHa Ha p111e. 60.
Ell.\e OAHY rpynny rnnOBblX exeM BKn10'ieH111si TpaHa111eTopoe e «06ll.\lllM KonneKTOpOM», «06U,\eA 6a30A» 111 e «pa3AeneHHblMlll HarpysKaMlll» Mbl nOAP06HO paeeMaTp111ean111
Ha npeAblAYll.\eM 3aHSITllllll (p111e. 51, 52 Ill 55), n03TOMY HeT eMblena noeTOpSITbesi. '-ITO
)l(e KaeaeTesi 111enonbaoeaH111si TpaHa111eTopoe e exeMax reHeparnpoe, TO aTa TeMa Tpe6yeT OTA9nbHOrO pa3roeopa, 'ieM Mbl Ill aaAMeMeSI Ha BTOPOM ypoKe.

YpoK 2. rEHEPATOPbl CMHYCOMLIA!IbHblX

11 MMnYflbCHblX CMI'HAflOB
Ha OAHOM 1113 npoweAw111x 3aHsirni;;, KOrAa pe'ib wna o npl!IHL\Lllne eynepreTepoAlllHHoro np111eMa, Mbl AOBOnbHO nOAP06HO n03HaKOMvtnllleb e TpeMSI rnnaMVI reHepaTOpoe evtHyeovtAanbHOrO HanpS1)1(9HlllSI e eaMOB036y)l(AeHVl9M, KOTOpble npLllM9HSllOTCSI
so eeex reTepoAvtHax. SrnM TpeM exeMaM Aa)l(e np111eeoeHbl eo6eTBeHHb1e 111MeHa: exeMa MeAeeHepa, exeMa Xapmesi 111 exeMa IJ,oy.
TaK BOT, 3TVIMLll TpeMSI TvtnCIMVI 06U,\ee eeMeiileTBO reHeparnpoe OTHIOAb He orpaH111'iV1BaeTeS1. noMLllMO HlllX eyU,\eeTeyeT eU,\e He OALllH AeesiTOK eaMblX pa3H006pa3HblX re-

142

HepaTOpoe. Ha AaHHOM 3Tane Mbl orpaHlllYlllMCSI 3HaKOMCTBOM nlllWb c H0CKOnbKlllMlll
Ha1116onee pacnpocrpaHeHHblMlll Ill yacro BCTpeYalOUJ,lllMlllCSI KaK B SPA, TaK Ill B HeKOTOpblX 1113Mep111renbHblX np1116opax (nepBbllli 1113 KOTOpblX, KCTaTlll roeopsi, Mbl Y>K0 ceroAHSI
HaYHeM Aenarb AnSI Hawero pa6oYero Mecra).
Boo6w,e roeopsi, o6w,asi Knacc111¢1111Kal.\lllS1 reHeparopoe HaY111Haercsi c pa3AeneH111si
I/IX Ha reHeparopbl c BH0WHlllM B036Y>KA0Hlll0M Ill Ha reHeparopbl c caMOB036Y>KA0H1110M.
Ho Mbl AnSI HaYana orpaHlllYl/IMCSI TOnbKO eropolli rpynnolli, KOTOpasi, B CBOIO OYepeAb,
nOAPa3AensieTCSI Ha reHeparopbl ClllHYCOl/IA8nbHblX Cl/lrHanoe (rCC) Ill reHepaTOpbl lllMnynbCHblX Cl/lrHanOB (rll!C).
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HBC npsiMO CBSl3BH co BXOAOM nepeoro, TO nony'lBeTCSI, '!TO AB)l(e coeceM Hlll'lTO)l(HOe yeen111'leH111e nOJ10)1(111TenbHOro Hanpsi)l(eHlllSI Ha
6a3e nepeoro TPBH3111CTopa MrHOBeHHO Bbl30BeT COOTBeTCTBYIO~YIO peBKL\llllO eceVI
cxeMbl. KaKylO lllMeHHO? A O'leHb npocTyio: AB)l(e CBMOe pa3Hlll'ITQ)l(H0e yeen111'leH111e

«nJ1IOCB» Ha nepeoVI 6a3e HeMeAT1eHHO o6epHeTCSI AOnOnH111TeJ1bHblM nnlOCOM Ha TOM )Ke
6a3e, TOnbKO ropa3AO 60J1bWlllM no een111'!111He. Ho TBKOe yeen111'leH111e nnioca TYT *e
np111eeAeT K nosieneHllllO e~e 6onbwero nnioca Ha KonneKTOpe eTOporo TpaH3111CTopa,
KOTOpoe, B CBOIO O'lepeAb, CHOBB eepHeTCSI Ha nepsyio 6a3y...
Kopo'le roeopsi, orpOMHblVI nnioc Ha nepeoVI 6a3e np111eeAeT nepsb1VI TpaH3111CTOP
B COCTOSIHl/le nonHoro HBCbl~eHlllSI, KOTOPOMY COOTBeTCTByeT eepXHlllM 3ar1116 KonneKTOPHOVI xapaKTep111CT111Kl/I. A np111 TBKOM COCTOSIHllllll HlllKBKOM TPBH3111CTOP Y*e He B coCTOSIHllllll Hlll'lero yc111n111BBTb, CKOnbKO 6bl Mbl Hiii ysenlll'llllBBnlll ABnbWe nnioc Ha 6a3e.
K 3TOMY MOMeHTY KBPTlllHB TaKasi: TOK 'lepe3 nepBblH TPBH3111CTOP MBKClllMBnbHblVI,
3HB'llllT, nBAeH111e Hanpsi>KeHlllSI Ha pe3111CTOpe HarpyaKlll R2 TO)l(e MBKClllMBnbHOe, ecneACTBllle '!era HanpS1)1(eH111e Ha nepBOM KOnneKTope 6J11113KO K Hynio, n03TOMY KOHAeHCBTOP

C1 3apsi)l(eH TBKlllM o6pa3oM, '!TO Hanpsi)l(eH111e Ha era neeoVI o6KnBAKe 6onee OTPlllL\BTenbHOe, 'leM Ha npaeoVI, C00AlllHeHHOM c 6a30VI BTOporo TpaH3111CTOpa.
Ho nOCKOJ1bKY 1113-38 HaCbl~eHlllSI nepsoro TPBH3111CTOpa npOL\eCC KBK 6bl np1110CTBHOBlllJ1CSI, TO Ill HanpSl)l(eHllle nOJ10>KlllTeJ1bHOM o6paTHOM CBSl3111 co BTOporo TpaH3111CTOpa Ha
6a3y nepeoro nepecTano nOCTYnBTb.

A '!TO *e KOHAeHcaTop C1? Tenepb np111'1111Ha AflSI era nOA3BPSIAKlll yKB3aHHOVI nonsipHOCTlll lllC'leana, Ill OH HB'lan noManeHbKY pa3pS1)1(8TbCSI.
nocKOJ1bKY pa3pS1)1(8TbCSI OH MO)l(eT TOnbKO no L1en111 HalllMeHbwero conporneneHlllSI
(T. e. B ABHHOM cny'lae 'lepe3 nepeXOA 6a3B-3MlllTTep BTOporo TpaH3111CTOpa), TO 1113MeHlllBWeecsi Ha nporneonono)l(HOe HanpasneH111e pa3pS1AHOro TOKB np111seAeT K nepeMeHe
nonsipHOCTlll Ha 6a3e BTOporo TPBH3111CTOpa, ecneACTBllle '!era HeMeAfleHHO noMeHsieTCSI
Ill a3a Hanpsi)l(eHlllSI HB BblXOAe BTOporo TPBH3111CTOpa, KOTOpoe BMeCTO nonO>KlllTeJ1bHOrO Tenepb 6yAeT OTPlllL\aTenbHblM (T. e. yMeHbWalO~Mcsi no a6con10THOVI een111'!111He).
Ho nocKOJ1bKY 3TO *e Hanpsi>KeH111e np111no>KeHo K 6a3e neeoro TPBH3111CTOpa, TO 111
OHO Ha'!HeT cTpeM111TenbHO yMeHbWaTbCSI. TaK 'ITO TPBH3111CTOpb1 noMeHS110TCS1 ponsiM111:
nepBblH nO'lTlll MrHOBeHHO QKB)l(eTCSI HBAe)l(HQ 3BnepTblM 60J1bWlllM «MlllHyCOM» Ha 6a3e,
a BTOpoVI nepeVIAeT B COCTOSIHl/le HBCbl~eHl/ISI.

A A8J1bWe 6yAeT KaK B CKB3Ke npo 6enoro 6bl'IKB. npOL\eCC 6yAeT CBMOCTOSITeJ1bHO
npoAOn)l(BTbCSI 6e3 Hawero y'laCT111si. A KBK >Ke c nepeonp111'1111HoVI? He 111MeeT HlllKaKoro
3Ha'leHlllSI Ha KaKYIO eeJllll'llllHY Ill B KaKOM HanpaeneHllllll 1113MeHlllTCSI HanpS1)1(eH111e Ha J1I060M 3JleKTPOAe J1I060ro 1113 AByx TPBH3111CTOpoe, noCKOJ1bKY OAHOro 3TOro aKTB OKa>KeTCSI enonHe AOCTBT04HO, 4T06bl «nPOL\eCC nowen».
KaKoi.1 *e c111rHan 6yAeT reHep111poeaTb Haw MYJ1bT111e1116paTop? 3TO TO)l(e 04eHb 111HTepeCHb1VI eonpoc, Tenepb Y*e 04eHb nerK111VI. Bo3bMeM 111 Hap111cyeM rpa111K 3ae111c111Mocrn KOJ1J1eKTopHoro Hanpsi>KeHlllSI OT epeMeHlll AflSI 060111x TPBH3111CTopoe, KaK 3TO CAenaHO Ha p111c. 65. nocKOJ1bKY Mbl B CBMOM HB4ane AOrOBOplllJ1111Cb, 4TO o6a TpaH3111CTOpa
B lllCXOAHOM COCTOSIHllllll HaXOASITCSI B HeKOTOpOM «CpeAHeM» nOJ10)1(eHllllll, 6yAeM C4111TBTb, 4TO Ill TOKI/I 4epe3 HI/IX TeKYT cpeAHllle, Ill nBAeHlllSI Hanpsi>KeHlllSI Ha KOJ1JleKTOPHblX
H~rpy3KBX cpeAHllle, a 3HB4111T, Ill Hanpsi>KeHlllSI Ha KOJ1J1eKTOpax TO)l(e cpeAHllle Me>KAY
MaKClllMBJ1bHblM Hanpsi>1KeH KOPOT9HbKOVI roplll30HTBnbHO~ 49PTO'IKOVI B CBMOM HB4ane

Ho KaK TOnbKO «npoL1ecc nowen»,
Hanpsi>KeHHe Ha KonneKTope nepeoro
TpaH3"1CTOpa npaKTMYeCKM MrHOBeHHO
(npOL\eCC-TO KaK-HMKaK HOCMT naBHHOo6pa3Hbllil xapaKTep!) cTaHeT noYrn paeHblM Hymo, a Hanpsi>KeHHe Ha BTOPOM
KOnneKTOpe nOYTM paBHblM Hanpsi>KeHMIO MCTOYHMKa nMTaHHSI.
,D,anbwe KaKoe-TO epeMSI HHKaKMX
BMAMMblX H3MeHeHMlil npOMCXOAMTb He

a)

EK1

t
6)

6yAeT.
A He 6yAeT noTOMy, YTO OAMH "13 ABVX
HaWMX KOHAeHCaTopoe 3aPSIAMnCSI «Ha
BCIO KaTYWKY» H TaK HaAe>KHO 3anep coOTBeTCTBYIOW.Mlil TpaH3"1CTOp, YTO OH He
t
OTKpoeTcsi AO Tex nop, noKa Hanpsi>Kea)
HMe Ha 3TOM caMOM KOHAeHcaTOpe He
yMeHbWMTCSI AO TaKolil eenMYMHbl, npH
KOTOPOM Hanpsi>KeHMe Ha 6a3e TpaH3"1CTOpa nOBblCMTCSI AO nopora, npH KOTOpoM yepe3 TpaH3"1CTOp noTeYeT XOTH 6bl
HMYTO>KHbllil TOK. A KaK TOnbKO 3TO npoT2
t
"130lilAeT, MrHOBeHHO npOM30lilAeT naeMH006pa3Hbllil npoL1ecc nepe3apsiAa 060MX KOHAeHcaTopoe AO MaKCMManbHOlil
P111c. 65. 3ae111c111MOCTb Hanp11>KeH11111
eenMYHHbl, HO y>Ke npOTHBOnOnO>KHOlil
Ha KOJllleKTopax TpaH3111CTOpoB OT epeMeHlll
nonsipHocrn.
111 OnSITb HacrynMT nay3a, noKa Tenepb Y>Ke APYrOlil KOHAeHCaTOp He pa3PSIAMTCSI HaC'..-OnbKO, YT06b1 Y>Ke yepe3 APYrOlil TpaH3MCTop HaYan npoTeKaTb ManioceHbKHlil Ko1111eKTOpHb11il TOK. ,lJ,nMTenbHOCTb nay3bl 6yAeT onpeAenSITbCSI MCKnlOYMTenbHO noCTOSIHHOlil
epeMeHM 3aPHAHO-pa3PHAHOlil L1enoYKM, paeHolil npsiMOMy npOH3BeAeHMIO RC (pa3yMeeTcsi, B COOTBeTCTBYIOW.elil CMCTeMe eAMHHL\!).
3HaYMT, YeM 60nbwe conporneneHMe pe3MCTopa H 60nbwe eMKOCTb KOHAeHCaTOpa,
TeM 60nbwe nOCTOSIHHasi epeMeHM "'· COOTBeTCTBeHHO, AJlMTenbHOCTb nayabl, T. e. TeM
HM>Ke YaCTOTa C06CTBeHHblX KOne6aHHlil MynbrnBM6paTOpa.
3TO B CBOIO OYepeAb n03BOnSleT, "13MeHSISI eenHYMHbl R "' C, B WMPOKMX npeAenax
M3MeHSITb co6cTBeHHYIO YaCTOTY reHepal.\HM MYnbTMBM6parnpa. 111, AelilcTBMTenbHO, HMKaKoro TpyAa He COCTaBnSleT CAenaTb 3TY YaCTOTY, paBHOlil AonSIM repl.\a HnM COTHSIM
KMnorepl.\.
111, HaKOHel.\, nocneAHee. '-lyrb paHbWe Mbl CKa3anM, YTO paCCMOTpeHHbllil HaMM
MynbT"1BM6paTOp SIBnSleTCSI CMMMeTpMYHblM. noCMOTpMM Ha OpMy KpMBOlil Ha rpaMKax PMC. 65,a "' 6.
3Ta opMa 6yAeT CHMMeTpMYHOlil, ecnM 6YAYT paBHbl Me)l(Ay co6olil conporneneHMSI
o60MX pe3HCTOPOB "' eMKOCTM o60MX KOHAeHCaTOpOB, a o6a TpaH3HCTOpa - OAHOrO "'
Toro >Ke rnna "' npMTOM c OAMHaKOBblM K03HL\MeHTOM ycMneHHSI.
A ecnM, K npMMepy, conpoTMBneHMe OAHOrO H3 pe3HCTopoe B3SITb noMeHbWe, a OAHY
"13 eMKOCTelil YYTb no6onbwe? TorAa y ABVX RC-L1enoYeK OKa>Kyrcsi pa3Hble nocTOsiHHble
epeMeHM "' AJlMTenbHOCTM AByx COCeAHMX naya OKa>KyrCSI pa3HblM"1. 3TO He"136e>KHO
npMBeAeT K "13MeHeHMIO OPMbl reHepMpyeMOro HanpSl>K0HMSI, KOTOpasi CTaHeT TaKOlil,
KaK nOKa3aHO Ha PMC. 65,s. 111 ecnM AJlMTenbHOCTb OAHOlil nayabl 0603HaYMTb Yepe3 T1'
a APyrOlil - Yepe3 T2, TO OTHOWeHHe srnx ABVX «T» 6yAeT xapaKTepM30BaTb OAMH "13
ea>KHelilwHx napaMerpoe reHepMpyeMoro MMnynbCHoro Hanpsi>KeHMSI - ero CKBa:>K-

149

HOCTb, a ecm1 3TB CKBB>KHOCTb 6yAeT paeHa eAlllHlllU,e (T. e. AlllllTenbHOCTlll naya OAlllHBKOBble), TO npo 3TOT "IBCTHbliil CJlyYaiil nplllHRTO roeoplllTb, LffO cxeMa reHep111pyeT
MeBHP,p.

OcTa11ocb OTBeTlllTb Ha eonpoc, "!TO STO aa Tp111 pa3Hble cxeMbl 111ao6pa>KeHb1 Ha
p111c. 64. 3AeCb 111ao6pa>KeHa OAHa 111 Ta >Ke cxeMa Hawero ClllMMeTplll'iHoro MynbT111e1116paropa. Ha ecex cxeMax coxpaHeHa OAlllHBKOBBR HyMepau,111si ecex cxeMHblX sneMeHTOB, a np111BeAeHbl STiii BPOAe 6bl PB3Hble CX0Mbl noTOMy, "!TO B ABJ1bHeiilwei71 Haweill
A0RTeJ1bHOCTlll OAlllHaKOBO "IBCTO 6YAYT BCTpe"IBTbCR pa3Hble HBYepTBHlllR OAHlllX Ill Tex
>Ke cxeM.
Ha cerOAHR sroro eno11He AOCTaTO"IHO, TBK "!TO np111crynaeM K OYepeAHOiil pa6oTe
no o6opyAOBBHllllO pa6oYero MecTa.

flpaKTHKa

B caMoe 6n111>Kaiilwee epeMR HaM npeACTOlllT nOYTlll nocTOAHHO lllMSTb Aeno c TpaHa111crapaM111 111 nonynpoBOAHlllKOBblMlll np1116opaM111, a AllR sroro HBAO 6b1Tb ecerAa yeepeHHblM, "!TO JllOOOiil TP8H31/1CTOP 1111)111 AlllOA, KOTOPbliil co6111paeMCR enaRTb B cxeMy, KaK
MlllHlllMYM 111cnpaeeH Ill lllMeeT lllMeHHO Te napaMeTpbl, KOTOpble He06XOAlllMbl AllR AaHHOiil KOHKpeTHOiil cxeMbl.
,lJ,nR aToro Heo6XOAlllMO 111MeTb cneu,111anbHb1lll np1116op AllR npoeepK111 111 111aMepeH111R
OCHOBHblX napaMeTpoe AlllOAOB Ill TPaH3111CTOPOB.
CeroAHR TBKOiil np1116op MO>KHO 6e3 TPYAB np11106pecT111 B TOproeolll CeTlll, AB Ill CTOlllT
OH He TaK Y>K Ill AOporo, HO KaKolll :>Ke yea:>Kaiow.111111 ce6R PBAlllOJ1106111Tenb CTaHeT noKynBTb np1116op, KOTOpbllll OH B COCTORHllllll CAeJ1BTb CBOlllMlll PYKBMlll? TaK "!TO np1116op 6yAeM AenaTb CBMlll.
np1116op, ecTeCTBeHHO, He YHlllBepcanbHbli.1111 BCeMoryw.111111, HO OCHOBHble 1113MepeHlllR
Ha HeM npOlll3BOAlllTb MO>KHO. npe)l(Ae ecero c ero nOMOW.blO MO)l(HO 1113MepRTb npRMble
(AO 20 MA) Ill o6paTHble (AO 200 MKA) TOKI/I AlllOAOB np111 HanpR>K9Hllllll 4 B. y 6111nonRpHblX
TPBH3111CTOPOB MO>KHO 1113MepRTb TOKI/I KOJ1J1eKTop-6aaa, 3MlllTTep-6aaa Ill lKe Koscj>cj>111u,111eHT nepeAaYlll IJ/J 200.
KpoMe Taro, MO>KHO npaeep111Tb nio6olll TPBH3111CTOP Ha era cnoco6HacTb pa6oTaTb
e KBYeCTee reHepaTopa. HaKOHeLI,, ycTaHoe111e a np111eMHble rHe3Aa aaeeAOMO 111cnpaeHbllll TPBH3111CTOP mo6ora Tl/Ina c K03Q>cj>111u,111eHTOM ~ He Hlll>Ke 40, MO>KHO npeepaTlllTb
HBW np1116op B 3BYKOBOili reHepaTop, AalOW.111111 Ha BblXOAe 6oraTbliil rapMOHlllKBMlll ClllrHBJl
w111p0Karo cneKTpa c aMn11111TYAOlll AO 30 B (np111 paaoMKHYTOM 1KeH111e c aMnn111ryAOM AO 15 B (np111 aaMKHyrOM l0Hapv11ca), m'16o m1TaTb ero, KQrp,a noTpe6yeTcsi, OT yH1t1Bepca11bHOro 6110Ka n1t1T8Hlf1R, KOTOPblM pa6o'fee MeCTO yxce o6opyAOBaHO, 111!160, HaKOHe~. COOPYAl!1Tb He60llbWOH Ma/lOMOU,.\Hbliil BblnpSIM1!1T011b.

+ 48

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SAJ

P111c. 66. CxeMa np1116opa AllR npoeepK111
nonynpoBOAHlllKOBblX AlllOAOB Ill TpaH3111CTOPOB
Ha1i16011ee c11oxcHy10 LfaCTb cxeMbl cocTaB11sieT KOMMYTa~1i1si ecex BHYTPeHH1t1x ~ene'1,
c nOMOll.\blO KOTopoiil ocyU,.\ecTe11ReTcsi nepexoA OT om-ioro e111p,a 1i1aMepeH1i1iil K APYroMy.
,D.nsi ee pea111i1aa~1i11i1 e cxeMe 1i1Me10TCR nRTb Heaae1i1c1t1Mb1X nepeK1110'iaTe11eiil: SA 1, SA2,
SA3, SA4"' SAS. nepeK1110'iaTe11111 aT111 eb16paHb1 paaHblX nmoe, np1i1LfeM CAe11aHo 3TO He
c11y'faii1Ho, a AllR YA06cTBa aKcn11yaTa~1i11i1.
Sm nepeK1110'faTe111i1 noKaaaHbl e )1(1!1BOM e1i1Ae Ha p1i1c. 67, LfT06bl 6bl110 11ef'Lfe op1i1eHrnpoeaTbCR np1i1 1i1x np1i106peTeH1t11i1. nepeK1110'faTe11b SA 1 eb1no11HeH Ha C,IJ,BOeliHOM 6110Ke rnna n2K c aae1i1c1t1MblM nepeK1110'ieH111eM.
STO 03Ha'faeT, 'iTO np111 Ha)l(8Tllllf1 Ha lll06yl0 1!13 AByx KHOnOK OHS cl>1t1KClllpyeTCR B Ha)l(aTOM n0/10)1(0Hlf1111, a BTOpasi KHOnKa B03BpaU,.\aeTCR B 1!1CXOAHOe, OT)l(8TOe n0110)1(jHl!10,
111 Hao6opoT.

0
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P111c. 67. BHewH111Lil BlllA nepeKmo'jarenelil, 111cnonb30BaHHblX e KOHCTPYKU.111111 np111t>opa

151

Cpa3y nosicH111M, 'ffO AJISI ocyw,ecTe11eH111si ecelll Heo6xoA111Molll KOMMYTau.111111 enonHe
AOCTaTOl.fHO Ill OAHOlil ceKU,111111 n2K, B 'f0M MO)l(HO 6e3 TPYA0 y6eAlllTbCSI, aHa/11113111PYSI cxeMy. Ho TOrAa 3a'feM )Ke 111MeTb BTOPYIO ceK1.1,111io?
pa:

3TOT nepeK11t0'faTe11b KOMMYT111pyeT rnn npOBOAlllMOcrn nOAK1110'faeMoro TpaH3111CTOp-n-p 11111111 n-p-n.

B np111H1.1,111ne MO)l(HO np111MeH111Tb OAHY ceK1.1,111io c He3ae111c111MblM nepeK1110l.feH111eM,
KOrAa nepeK1110'faTel1b np111 H0)1(aT111111 cf>lllKCll!pyeTCSI B YTOn/leHHOM nO/lO)l(eHllllll, a np111 noBTOPHOM H0)1(aTllllll -

B omyw,eHHOM n0/10)1(0Hllllll. 0AHaKO B 3TOM C11yl.fae npll!XOAlllTCSI

ecerAa AYMaTb, KaKOMY 1113 3TlllX nO/lO)l(eHllllil COOTBeTCTByeT TOT 11111111 Apyrolll rnn npoeoAlllMOCTlll TpaH3111CTOpa.
np111MeHll!B n2K C ABYMSI CeKU,lllSIMlll, OAHY 1113 HI/IX Mbl 6yAeM lllCn011b30BaTb KaK pa6o'fYIO, a Ha AO/llO BTOpolll CeKU,111111 OCTaHeTCSI /lll!Wb B03Bpaw,aTb nepeytO, pa6o'fyl0 KHOnKy
B lllCXOAHOe OT)l(aTOe COCTOSIHll!e np111 H0)1(aT111111 Ha KHOnKy XO/lOCTOlil ceKU,111111. Ill B 3TOM
cnyl.fae He H0AO K0)1(Abllll pa3 30AYMb1BaTbCSI, nOCKO/lbKY Ha Ka>KAOlil 1113 KHOnOK AOCTaTO'fHO 6yAeT H0Anll1CaTb, KaKOMY BlllAY npOBOAlllMOCTlll TpaH3111CTOpa COOTBeTCTByeT Ha)l(aTaSI KHOnKa.
TaK111M o6pa30M, npeAJ1araeTcsi Ha Bb16op ABa coeepweHHO paeH01.1,eHHblX eap111aHTa.
LITO KacaeTCSI p111cyHKa ne'faTHOlil nnaTbl, TO OH np111rOAeH AJISI 060111x eap111aHTOB 6e3 BCSlKlllX 1113MeH0Hllllil.
B Ka'feCTBe nepeK11t0YaTe11elll
pb1 rnna MT3B, a

SA4 111 SAS -

SA2

111

SA3

111cno11b30BaHbl CABOeHHble MlllKPOTYM611e-

OAlllHO'fHb1e MlllKPOTYM611epb1 rnna MT1.

OcHoey np1116opa cocrnensieT ro11oeKa (M111KpoaMnepMeTp) c no11HblM OTK110HeH111eM
Ha BCIO WKa/ly np111 TOKe B 200 MKA. Ee BHYTP0HHee conpOTlllB110Hllle paBHO 650 OM. np111
APYrOM 3Hal.feH111111 BHYTP0HHero conporne11eH111si Heo6XOAlllMO 6yAeT 1113MeHlllTb HOM111Han
pe3111crnpa Rt - ero ee111111.f111Ha cocrnensieT 1% OT ee111111.f111Hbl BHYTPeHHero conporne11eH111S1 ro11oeK111.
TpaHccf>opMaTop Tp1 HaMOTaH Ha W-o6pa3HOM MarH111TOnpoeoAe pa3MepoM W9x10
Ill lllMeeT c11eAyt0w,111e A0HHble o6MOTOK: nepBllll.fHaSI COAep)l(lrfT 100

+ 20 BlllTKOB npOBOAa

nsn-0,25, BTOPlll'fHaSI - 1600 BlllTKOB npOBOAa nss 11111111 nan 0,08.
L!111c110 BlllTKOB BTOPlll'fHOlil 06MOTKlll coeepweHHO He KplllTlll'fHO, B np111H1.1,111ne ee B006w,e MO)l(HO He HaMaTblBaTb. 0Ha Hy)l(Ha T011bKO AJISI TOro, 'fT06bl c Hee CHll!MaTb nepeMeHHOe HanpS1)1(0Hll!e 3BYKOBOlll 'faCTOTbl, KOrAa np1116op ll!Cn011b3yeTCSI B Ka'feCTBe reHepaTOpa.
np111 yKa3aHHOM 'fll!Cne BlllTKOB (1600) Hanpsi)l(eH111e 3ByKoeolll 'faCTOTbl nony'faeTcsi
30 11111111 15 B B 3ae111c111Mocrn OT no11o)l(eH111si nepeK11t0'faTe11si SAS. Ec11111 nOAXOAlllT Hanpsi)l(eH111e 3 Ill 1,5 B COOTBeTCTBeHHO, TO BO BTOPlll'fHOlll 06MOTK0 AOCTaTO'fHO 6yAeT HaMOTaTb ecero 160 BlllTKOB Ill np111 3TOM MO)l(HO 6yAeT yee/11111.fll!Tb All!aMeTp npOBOAa
AO 0, 15... 0,2 MM.
TaKYIO 06MOTKY HaMOTaTb 6yAeT HecpaeHeHHO ner'fe. npaBAa, B 3TOM cny'fae He 6yAeT 3aropaTbCSI lllHAlllKaTOpHaSI HeOHOBaSI naMnO'fKa Ill ee MO)l(HO 6yAeT eoo6w,e lllCK/ll01.f lllTb, a Ha ee M0CTO nocTaBll!Tb 11t06olll CB0TOAlllOA c BK/llO'f0HHblM noc11eAOBaTe/lbHO
orpaHlll'fl!ITellbHblM pe3111CTOPOM, BeJllll'flllHY KOTOporo nOH0A06111TCSI nOA06paTb onblTHblM nYTeM no «yMepeHHOMY» CBe'feHllllO CBeTOAlllOAa.
KaK pa6oTaeT np1116op 111 KaK 111M no11b3oeaTbCS1? Pe)l(lllM npoeepK111 ycTaHae11111eaeTcsi
nepeK11t0'farn11eM SA3. OH 111MeeT ABa no11o)l(eH111S1, KOTOpb1e Ha 11111u.eeolll naHe11111 H0AO
6yAeT noMeTlllTb 3Ha'fKaMll! «=» Ill «-», 'fTO COOTB0TCTByeT 1113MepeHllllO nOCTOSIHHblX TOKOB AlllOAOB Ill TpaH3111CTOPOB np111 nO/lO)l(eHllllll «=», a B nO/lO)l(eHllllll «-» - npoeepKe
e reHepaTOPHOM pe)l(111Me (np111 3aMKHYTOM no11o)l(eH111111 nepeK1110l.faTe11si SA4).
np111 lllCnblTaHllllll AlllOAOB ero BblBOAbl nOAC00AlllHSllOT K BXOAHblM pa3beMaM (3a)l(lllMaM), noMel.feHHblM 6yKBaM111

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K c co611t0AeH111eM no11sipHocT111 AlllOAa. Ansi 1113Mepe-

HlllR npsiMoro TOKa nepeK1110'faTe11b SA2 AOJ1)1(0H 6b1Tb 3aMKHYT, a AJISI o6paTHoro TOKa pa30MKHYT.

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CTaTlll'ieCKlllH K03Q>cj>111u,111eHT nepeAa'illl TOKa TpaH3111CTOpa 1113MepsieTCSI np111 3aMKHyTOM nono:>KeH111111 nepeKillO'iaTensi SA2. np111 3TOM pe3111crnp Rt wyHT111pyeT 1113Mep111TenbHy10 ronoeKy, pacw111psisi npeAenb1 1113MepeH111si AO 20 MA. nocKOnbKY conporneneH111e
pe3111cTopa R4 paeHo 39 KOM, a Hanpsi:>KeH111e 111CTO'iH111Ka - 4 B, TO AnSI ecex 111cnb1ry8MblX TpaH3111eTOPOB TOK 6a3bl npaKTlll'ieCKlll paeeH 0, 1 MA, n03TOMy Bee ou.111Q>poeaHHble
AeneHlllSI WKanbl np1116opa npsiMO noKa3blBalOT K03Q>Q>111u,111eHT nepeAa'illl no TOKY (AO eenlll'illlHbl 200).
YT06bl npoeep111Tb cnoco6Hocrb TpaH3111CTOpa reHep111poeaTb, nepeKn10'iaTen111
AOn:>KHbl HaxOAlllTbCSI e nono:>KeH111six: SA2 - pa30MKHYT, SA4 - 3aMKHYT, a SA3 - e nono:>KeH111111 «-». MoMeHT B03HlllKHOBeH111si 111 cpb1ea reHepau,111111 onpeAensieTCsi nono:>KeH111eM pe3111crnpa RS, noaToMy ero ocb AOn:>KHa 6b1Tb eb1BeAeHa Ha n111u,eeyio 111n111 eepxHIOIO
naHenb np1116opa.
KoHcTpyKu,111si np1116opa HanpsiMylO cesi3aHa c TeM, Ha KaKOM 1113 AByx eap111aHTOB nepeKnlO'iaTensi SA 1 Tbl oeTaHOBlllWbesi. Ha p111c. 68 np111eeAeH OAlllH 1113 B03MO:>KHblX eap111aHTOB, AnSI KOTOporo Ha p111c. 69 npeAnaraeTCSI nonHOCTblO roTOBblH eap111aHT ne'iaTHOH
nnaTbl.
Ha 3TOM eap111aHTe ne'iaTHOH nnaTbl Hap111coeaHbl HeCKOnbKO nOACKa30K, KOTOpble
AOn:>KHbl o6ner'i111Tb npOBOAHYIO, COeAlllHlllT0nbHYIO 'iaCTb MOHTa>Ka ecero np1116opa. YT06bl He 3anYTaTbCSI B BblBOAax nepeKnlO'iaTeneiil, Ha nnarn 111306pa>KeHbl SIK06bl yCTaHOBneHHble nepeKn10'iaTe11111 5A2, SA3, SA4 111 SAS.
YTo 3HaY111T «S1K06b1»? Ha eaMoM Aene OH111 ycTaHoeneHbl Ha 11111u,eeoiil naHe11111 np11160pa, a eee lllX BblBOAbl COSAlllHSllOTCSI c COOTBereTBYIOW,lllMlll BblBOAaMlll Ha nnaTe MHOro>Klll11bHblMlll MOHTa>KHblMlll npoBOAHlllKaMlll. Pacnono:>KeH111e Hap111coeaHHblX Ha nnaTe BblBOAOB ecex YeTblpex MlllKPOTyM611epoe TOYHO COOTBeTCTByeT Q>aKTlllYeCKOMy lllX pacno11o>KeH11110 Ha «:>KlllBblX» ryM6nepax, a npocrneneHHble Ha ne'iaTHOH nnarn HOMepa
BblBOAOB TYM6nepoe B TOYHOCTlll COOTB0TCTBYIOT HOMepaM 3TlllX BblBOAOB Ha np111Hu,111n1110JlbHOH exeMe, TaK YTO nepenYTaTb YTO-Hlll6YAb HeB03MO>KHO Aa:>Ke np111 6011bWOM >KenaHllllll (ec11111, KOH0YHO, 3apaHee He noCTaBlllTb nepSA eo6oiil lllM0HHO TaKYIO u,enb). Ha BCSlKlllH CilyYaH AOnOilHlllTenbHO lllHQ>opM111py10 0 TOM, YTO nOMlllMO 06blYHblX A0Taneiil pe3111CTOPOB Ill KOHA0HCaTOpoe Ha nnaTe npeAyCMOTP0Hbl AB0 npOB0110YHbl0 nepeMblYKlll, a ew,e YeTb1pe nepeMblYKlll np111AeTcsi np111nasiTb ceepxy pa6oYeiil rpynnbl nepeKn10Yare11si n2K.

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Ql\11M i.-t3 B03MO>KHblX eapt11a1+TOB neyarnoilt nnarb1 np116opa

nepe1KeTCSI y KPBHHlllX aneKTPOAOB, nonyYaeTCSI TpaH3111CTOP n11160 p-n-p, n11160 n-p-n crpyirrypbl.

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P11c. 70. CxeMaTwiecKoe ycTpoU!cTeo AVIOAHOro T11p11cTopa
HeTPYAHO eoo6pa3111Tb, 'iTO y AByx BKJllO'ieHHblX HaBeTpe'iy TpaH3111eTOPOB pa3H0171
npoBOAlllMOCTlll nosis11sieTesi ew,e OAlllH, AOno11H111Te11bHb1ill nepexoA, nosTOMy eTPYKTYPa
AlllOAHOro rnp111eTOpa eTaHOBlllTeSI 'ieTblpexe11oii1Hoiil Ill TpexnepeXOAHOiil Ill BblrllSIAlllT TaK:

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3a6aBHaSI KapTlllHa npiil 3TOM nOlly'iaeTeSI: nepeXOAbl
Ill
no-npe:>KHeMy OeTalOTesi 3MlllTT0pHblMlll nepeXOABMlll Ka:>KAOrD 1113 OTAellbHblX TpaH3111eTOPOB, a nepeXOA n2
OKa3b1BaeTeSI o6w,lllM KOlllleKTOpHblM nepeXOAOM A/lSI 060111x, HeeMOTPSI Ha pa3Hbliil rnn
npoBOAlllMoern TpaHa111eTOpos.
0611aeTb 6a3bl 61 TpaH3111eTOpa T1 OAHOBpeMeHHO SIBllSleTeSI K0/1/leKTOPHOiil 06naeTblO K2 TpaHa111eTopa T2 111, Hao6opoT, 0611aeTb 6aab1 62 TpaHa111eTopa T2 c11y>1Ke TaKOiil, e n03BO/leHlllSI CKa3aTb, «np11160p» 6yAeT pa6oTaTb.
1113111'ieCKllle npo1..teeeb1 B AlllOA-HOM rnp111eTOpe MO>KHO ynpow,eHHO npeACTaBlllTb
ce6e e11eAYIOW,lllM o6pa30M. Ec11111 6bl 6blll TO/lbKO OAlllH nepeXOA n2, pa60Ta10w,111ill np111
o6paTHOM Hanpsi>KeHllllll, TO eyw,ecTBOBB/1 6bl lllllWb He60llbWOiil o6paTHbliil TOK, C03Aa·
saeMbliil nepeMew,eHllleM 'iepea nepeXOA HeOeHOBHblX HOe111Te11eill, KOTOpblX cpaBHlll
TellbHO Mallo. Ho, KaK 1113BeCTHO, B TpaH3111eTope MO>KeT 6b1Tb no11y'ieH 60llbWOiil KOil ·
neKTOPHbliil TOK, SIBllSllOW,llliilCSI TeM He MeHee o6paTHblM TOKOM K0/1/leKTOPHOro nepeXOAa, ec11111 B 6aay TpaH311feTOpa co CTOPOHbl 3MllfTTepHoro nepeXOAa lllH>KeKTlllPOBaTb
60/lbWOe KO/lllf'ieCTBO HeOCHOBHblX Hoe111Te11eill. 0AHaKO HaM see paBHO np111AeTCSI
B 3TOM paao6paTbCSI, ec11111 Mbl XOTllfM ABllfraTbeSI ABllbWe.
lllTaK, 'ieM 60/lbWe npsiMoe Hanpsi>111KeKTlllPYIOTeSI HeOeHOBHble HOellfTellllf, yMeHbWa10w,111e conpoTllfBlleH111e nepexOAa n2, 'iTO conpOBO)l(AaeTCSI yse11111'ieH111eM TOKa 'iepea nepeXOA Ill
yMeHbWeHllleM nBAeHlllSI Hanpsi>1Ke eoseeM npocTO.

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P11c. 71. BonbT-aMnepHaR xapaKTep111cr111AHoro T11p11cropa

np111 nOBblWeHllllll Hanpsi>KeHlllR Ha TlllpllleTOpe eHa'fa/la B03HlllKaeT He60J1bWdi.f TOK,
Ill paeleT OH MeAfleHHO, 'fTO eOOTBeTeTByeT yl.faeTKY 0-A BOJ1bl-aMnepHoiil xaparcrep111eTlllKlll, 111306pa>KeHHOill Ha p111e. 71. MO>KHO e'ffllTaTb, 'fTO B 3TOM pe>KlllMe T111p111eTOf:) «3anepT». ConporneneH111e nepexoAa n2 e~e AOeTaTO'fHO ee11111Ko, a HSt1fj~e1-lf,1$t Ha nepexo,o,ax nt 111 n3 e~e O'feHb Manb1, TaK KaK no'fT111 see Hanpsi>1KeKu,111111
HeOeHOBHblX Hoe111Te11ei11 B 0611aeTb n2. 8 KOHU,e KOHi..\OB np111 Hanps:i)l(eHllllll nOpSIAKa AeesitkO~ (11111111 HeeKOJ1bKlllX AeeSITKOB, a y OTAenbHblX Tlllnos - COTeH) BO/lbT, Ha3blBaeMOM
Hanpsi)l(eH111eM BKnlO'feHlllR (TO'fKa A Ha SAX), npou,eee np11106peraeT nas111Hoo6pa3Hblill
xapaKTep. ToK pe3KO, eKa'fKOM eo3paeTaeT (yl.faeTOK A-B Ha BAX), B pe3ynbTaTe B03H111KaeT e111ryau,"1si, O'f8Hb HanOMlllHalOLt.!aR pe)l(lllM Haebl~eHlllSI TpaH3111eTopa - 6onbUJOill
KO/lnercropHblill TOK np111 Man'OM HanpR)l(eHl/llll Ha K0/1/leKTOpe. KoHel.fHaSI Be/11111.flllHa STOro
TOKa onpeAe/lReTes:i 111/!Wb eenl/l'U'fHOill eonporneneHlllSI pe3111eTOpa, BKnlO'f8HHOrO B K0/1neKTopHyfO u,enb Ill Hanpsi)l(eHl/leM 111eTOl.fHlllKa.
3To Hlll'fero He HanoM111HaeT? KorAa Mbl npoxoA111M1 raaofianonHeHHb1e sneKTpOHHble
np1116opb1, TaM 6brll np1116op e noxo)l(l/IMlll npou,eeealill111 - 011 tia3brea11cs:1 TlllpaTpOHOM.
y HI/IX Aa>Ke Ill Ha3BSHlllS1 eXO)l(llle: rnpaTpOH Ill T111p111eTop, noTOMY 'fTO BH8WHe npo111exoAS1~111e e HlllX npou,eeeb1 OtfeHb exo)l(111, XOTS'I cj>l!13111Ka srnx npou,eeeoe eoeepweHHO paa111111.fHa. Ho noeKO/lbKY eXO)l(l/I npo111eXOAS1~111e npou,eeebl, TO eno11He 110rl/l'fHO, 'fTO eXO)l(lll
111 o6naern 111eno11b30BaH111s:1 111 Tex 111 APYrlllX np1116opoe.
Hy, a KaK )l(e BeAeT ee6R AlllOAHblill (T. e. Heynpaens:ieMblH) Tlllpl/leTop B peanbHOill exeMe? A BeAeT ee6S1 OH KSK 06blKHOSeHHOe 3/leKTpOMarHlllTHOe pene. np111 MeAJleHHOM,

158

nocrnneHHOM yee11111'feH111111 Hanpsi>KeH111si Ha o6MOTKe pene yee11111'f111eaeTcsi c11111a MarH111THoro nonsi, HO noKa oHa HeAOCTaTO'fHa A/lR cpa6aTb1eaH111si pene, TOK 'fepe3 ero pa30MKHYTble KOHTaKTbl He npoTeKaeT. A KOrAa Hanpsi>KeH111e Ha 06MOTKe AOCT111raeT npeAena
cpa6aTblBaHlllSI, KOHTaKTbl 3aMb1KalOTCSI Ill B 1..ten111 yCTaHae11111eaeTCSI TOK. B 3/leKTpOMarHlllTHOM pene ttenb 06MOTKlll Ill ttenb BHewHero TOKa pa306w,eHbl. B TlllPlllCTOpe >Ke o6e
3Tlll 1..ten111 KaK 6bl COBMeW,0Hbl.
:3To 3Hal.f111T, 'fTO np111 nocTeneHHOM yee11111'feH111111 Hanpsi>KeH111S1, np11111o>KeHHoro K T111p111cTopy, TOK 'fepe3 TlllPlllCTOP O'f9Hb Man, 'fTO n03B011SleT C'flllTaTb, 'fTO TOK npaKTlll'feCKlll
OTCYTCTByeT, T. e. ttenb SIK06bl pa3opeaHa. A KOrAa ee/11111.flllHa np11111o>KeHHOro Hanpsi>KeHlllSI AOCTlllraeT 3Hal.feHlllSI cpa6aTb1BaHlllSI (ero Ha3blBalOT Hanpsi>KeHllleM BKJllO'feHlllSI TlllPlllCTOpa), npo111cxOAlllT MrHoeeHHOe pe3KOe yMeHbWeH111e ero BHYTPSHHero conpoT111e11eH111si, 'fTO nO'fTlll SKBlllBa119HTHO 3aMb1KaHllllO KOHTaKTOB 3/leKTpoMexaHllll.feCKOro pene.
VIMeHHO nosTOMy HeynpaensieMblH AlllOAHb1£1 rnp111cTop l.faCTO cpa~H111ea10T c 06bl'fHb1M
pene 111 111cno11b3y10T ero 111MeHHO e peneHHblX cxeMax.
A 'fTO, ec11111 OT OAHOH 1113 6a30BblX 0611acrn'1 o6w,ero p-n nepexoAa AlllOAHOro
TlllplllCTOpa CAe11aTb A0n011HlllT0/lbHblH, OTAe/lbHblH BblBOA? 0Ka3blBaeTCSI, 3TO y>Ke npoAe/lanlll AO Hae, B pe3y11bTaTe 'fero 6bl/1 nony'feH O'fepeAHOH HOBblH nonynpOBOAHlllKOBblH np1116op, KOTOpb1H Ha3ea11111 TPlllOAHblM T111p111cTopoM, 11111111 111Ha'fe - TPlllHlllCTopoM.
noAaBaSI 'fepe3 3TOT HOBblli1 «BblBOA» npRMOe Hanpsi>KeH111e Ha nepeXOA, pa6oTaIOW,lllH B npRMOM HanpaeJleHllllll, MO>KHO TeM caMblM pery11111poeaTb nopor «Cpa6aTblBaHlllSI» TPlllHlllCTopa (He'fTO nOA06Hoe Mbl y>Ke np0Ae11b1ea11111 c ra30Hano11HeHHblM rnpaTpoHoM, BBeAR B Hero BTOpylO, ynpaB/lSllOW,YIO CeTKy). "leM 6011bwe 6yAeT TOK l.fepe3 TaKOH «ynpae11S110W,lllH» r1epeXOA, TeM Hlll>Ke 6yAeT HanpSl>KBHllle BKJllOl.feHlllSI TplifHlllCTOpa.
0 TOM, KaK TaKoe AOno11H111Te11bHoe ynpaensiiow,ee Hanpsi>KeH111e e11111sieT Ha pa6ory
TPlllHlllCTopa, MO>KHO HarnsiAHO ye111AeTb 1113 ceMe£1cTea era xapaKTep111cT111K Ha p111c. 72.
Vl3 3TlllX xapaKTeplllCTlllK nerKO CAenaTb cneAYIOW,lllH, MO>KeT 6b1Tb, He COBCeM O>KlllAaHHblH BblBOA: np111 OTCYTCTBllllll TOKa B 1..ten111 ynpae11S110W,ero 3/leKTPOAa TPlllHlllCTOP no xapaKTep111cT111KaM Hllll.feM He OT/11111.faeTCSI OT AlllOAHOro TlllPlllCTOpa, a np111 yee11111'feH111111 TOKa
ero xapaK't9plllCTlllKlll r100TSneHHO np111611111>KafOTCSI K xapaKTep111CT111Ke npRMOr0 TOKS caMoro o6blKHoeeHHoro AlllOAa.
I, (HA)

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P111r:. 72. CeMeiiicreo ROnbT·aMnepHblX xapaK1ep111cT111K rp111H111c1opa

159

npocTeiilwasi cxeMa BK.nlOl.feHlllSI TPlllHlllCTOpa
c BblBOAOM OT p-0611acT111 noKa3aHa Ha p111c. 73.
T111p111cTop •OTKpbleaeTCsi» np111 n0Aa1.1e Ha ynpaa11siiout111iil 3110KTPOA lllMnyllbCa nOJ10>Klr1T011bHOiil

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no11sipHocrn, nocne 1.1ero ocTaeTCsi ·o~pblTblM»
H03aBl/IClllMO Hiii OT 1.1ero. •3aKpb1Tb» TaKoiil TPlllHl/ICTOP MO>KHO TOJlbKO nYTeM OTK/llOl.feHl/ISI Ha-

P111c. 73. Tvmoeasi cxeMa
BKJll0'19HlllSI TplllOAHOro TlllPlllCTOpa

npSl>K0Hl/ISI l/ICTOl.fHl/IKa n111TaHl/ISI 11111111 CHlll>K0Hlll0M
3TOro Hanpsi>KeHlllSI AO ypOBHSI Hl/l:>Ke nopora cpa-

6aTblBaHlllSI (Hanpsi)l(eH111si OT1Ke c TOl.fKlll
apeHlllSI Tpe6oeaH111i11 K lllCnblTBHlllSIM, np111eMKe, nOCTaBKe Ill 3Kcn11yaTau,111111) KaK caMOCTOSIT0/lbHoe 1113Ae11111e. A noA noHsirneM «311eKTpopaA1110311eMeHTbl» e AaHHOM c11y1.1ae noA-

160

pa3yMeBIOT OTAenbHble pe3111cTopb1, KOHAeHcaTOpbl, nonynposOAHlllKOBble AlllOAbl, TpaH·
3111CT0pbl, TlllPlllCTOpbl Ill np.
rnasHaR MblCnb COCTOlllT s TOM, LffO SHYTPlll MlllKpocxeMbl nOMlllMO YlllCTO nonynpo·
SOAHlllKOBblX sneMeHTOS MOryT HaxOAlllTbCR Ill P63111CT0Pbl, Ill KOHAeHCaTOpbl, Ill soo611.1e
YTO yrOAHO 1113 sneKTpopap,lllOKOMnOHeHTOB. Ecn111 np111 3TOM OHlll «SblnOnHeHbl Hepa3·
AenbHO OT KPlllCTanna 111n111 nOMO)KKlll Ill He MOryT 6b1Tb ... », HY Ill TaK ,qa[lee, TO CYll1TalOTCR
ee sneMeHTaM111, a ecn111 OHlll cy11.1ecTsy10T caM111 no ce6e 111 s M111KpocxeMy npocTO- ecrns·
neHbl (snaSIHbl), TO TOJ"Aa OHll1 Ha3blSalOTCSI KOMnOHeHTaMll1 111HTerpanbHOii1 Mll1KpocxeMbl.
Kp111cTann lllHTerpanbHOill Mll1KpocxeMbl - YaCTb nonynposOAHll1KOsoill nnaCTlllHbl,
B 06beMe 111 Ha noeepXHOCrn KOTOpoill ccpopM111posaHbl sneMSHTbl nonynpOSOAHll1KOSOill
Mll1KPOCX8Mbl, M8)1(3neMeHTHble coeAll1HeHll1SI Ill KOHTaKTHb18 nno11.1ap,K111.
noMO)l(Ka lllHTerpanbHOill MlllKPOCX8Mbl - 3arDTOSKa, npeAHa3HaYeHHaSI MSI HaHe·
ceHll1SI Ha Hee sneMeHTOS r1116plllAHblX Ill nneHOYHblX lllHTerpanbHblX M111KpocxeM, M8>K3ne·
MeHTHblX 111 M8)1(KOMnOHeHTHblX coeA111H8Hlllill, a TaK)l(e KOHT8KTHblX nnOll.laAOK.
Tenepb 0 TOM, KaKllle lllM8HHO 6blSalOT M111KpocxeMbl.
nonynpoSOAHll1KOSaSI lllMC - lllHTerpanbHaSI MlllKpocxeMa, ece sneMeHTbl KOTOpoill,
a TaK)l(e Me>11Kall.laR KpOM8 3neM8HTOS
e11.1e Ill KOMnOHeHTbl Ill Kp111crannbl. LfaCTHblM cnyYaeM r1116p111AHOii1 lllMC siensieTCR MHOrO·
Kp111cTanbHasi lllMC.
AHanorosasi lllMC - M111KpocxeMa, npeAHa3HaYeHHaR MR npeo6pa3osaH111R 111 o6pa·
60TKll1 ClllrHanos no 3aKOHY HenpepblSHOill cpyHKUlllll1.
U111cpposasi lllMC - MlllKpocxeMa, npeAHa3HaYeHHaR MSI" npeo6pa3osaH111si 111 o6pa·
60TKll1 Cll1rHanos, 1113MeHRIOl1.llllXCR no 3aKOHY AlllCKPeTHOill cpyHKU111111.
Tenepb n03HaKOMlllMCR c OCHOSHblMlll napaMeTpaMll1 111 xapaKTepll1CT111KaM111, xapaKTe·
Pll13YIOL1.1111Mll1 nio6yl0 np111n111YHYIO Mll1KpocxeMy. TeM 6onee, YTO 111X He TaK Y'>K 111 MHOro.
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CYlrtTbl1JaH1rte 4>oHorpaMMbl npOl.13BOAlrtTCR c noMOll.\blO BblCOKOYYBCTBlrtT9JlbHblX MarHlrtTO- 1rt nbe3os11eKTp1rtYeCK1rtx eocnp01rt3BOAS1ll.\1rtX ro11oeoK, BHYTPlrt cn1rtpa11bHOi1 KaHaBKlrt
HeCyll!asi 1rtH4>opMal..\1rtS1 3an1rtcb1eaeTCsi pa3A911bHO Ha ee BHYTP9HHei1 1rt HaPY>KHOi1 60KoBb1x noeepxHOCTSIX, 06ecneY1rtBaS1 nepeAaYy CTepeo4>0Hlrt"l9CKOi1 3an1rtc1rt, 6blCTPOlrt3HaWt.1BalOll.\YIOC'I CTaJ1bHYIO 1rtrny 3aMeHlrtJ11rt npaKTlrtY0CKlrt 891.fHble lrtr11bl lrt3 KOPyHAa lrt canq,1.1pa.

B

coepeMeHHblX npo1rtrpb1eaTe11Ax rpaMn11acT1.1HoK (s11eKTP04>0Hax) 3an1rtcaHHbli1 Ha

AMCK0 ClrtrHaJI, npe>KAe "ISM npeeparnTbCSI B 3ByK, npoXOAlrtT H9CKOJlbKO CTaAlrti1 npeepall.\9HlrtS'I CHa"lallB lrt3 M9X8Hlrt"l9CKlrtX K011e6aH1rti1 lrtr11bl B 3119KTPlrtY9CKlrti1 Hlrt3KOYBCTOTHbli1
c111rHa11, KOTOpbls:i 3aTeM nOABepraeTCSI 3Ha"!lrtT9JlbHOMY yc1rt11eH1rtlO no HanpSl>K9HlrtlO lrt no
MOIJ_\HOCTlrt, YaCTOTHOi1 KOppeKl..\lrtlrt lrt TOllbKO noc11e 3TOro CHOBa npeo6pa3yeTCSI B MexaHlrtY9CKlrt9 (3ByKOBb19) K011e6aH1rtA np1rt nOMOll.\lrt 3118KTPOM9X0HlrtY9CKlrtX npeo6pa30BaTe11ei1 CaMoro pa3JllrtYHOro BlrtAa lrt KOHCTPYKl..\lrti1 (rOllOBHble T91194>0Hbl, BCTP09HHbl9 OA1rtHO"!Hbl9 rpoMKOrosop1rtTe111rt lrtlllrt MOll.\Hbl9 «3BYKOBbl9 KOllOHKlrt»).
Ho, HeCMOTpsi Ha see srn ycoeepweHCTBOBaH1rtsi, CAe11aew1rte coepeMeHHb1e c1rtcTeMb1 M9XaHlrtY9CKOill rpaM3an1rtc1rt He lrtM910ll.\lrtMlrt HlrtYero 06ll.\ero c nepBblM 4>0HOrpaq,oM
3AlrtCCOHa, np1rtHl..\1rtn MexaHlrtY9CKOi1 3an1rtc1rt 3BYKa OCTallCSI H93bl6119MblM lrt He npeTepne11 HlrtKaKlrtX lrt3M9H9Hlrti1.
KoHeu, 6espa3A91lbHOMY rocnOACTBY 3A1rtCCOHOBCKOi1 c1rtcTeMbl no11mK1rt110 1rt306peTeH1rte 11a3epHO-l..\1rt4>poeoro np1rtHl..\1rtna 3an1rtc1rt/eocnpo1113eeAeH111si 111HopMal..\L111rt Ha
cnel..\1rtaJlbHbl9 TaK Ha3b1Ba9Mbl9 KOMnaKT-All'ICKLll, Lil cei1Yac Mbl noAp06Hee n03HaKOMLllMCSI C 3TOi1 HOBOi1 CLllCT9MOi1.
Ec11111 AllSI eocnpo1113eeAeH1rtsi rpaM3an1rtc111 111cno11b30Ba11111cb ycTpoi1cTea, 06beA1rtHS1eMble 06ll.\lrtM H03BBHLll9M 3119KTP04>0H (rpaMM04>0H, npo1rtrpb1BaTe11b), TO ycTpoi1CTBa
AllSI eocnpo1rt3B9A9HLllSI c KOMnaKT-AlrtCKOB no11yYLllJ1Lll Ha3BaHlrt9 B BlrtA9 KP8TKOi1 a66pee111aTYPbl CD.
KOMM9PY9CK09 Ha3BaH1rte «CD-n11ei1ep» o6pa30BaHO 1113 aHmllli1CKOi1 a66pee1rtaTYPbl
CD, npeACTaBJ1S110ll.\ei1 nepeb1e 6yKBbl TepM1rtHa «KOMnaKT-AlrtCK». CpeA1rt no11b30BaTe11ei1
3TOro BlrtAa npOAYKl..\Llllrt H91 9ALllHOrnaClrtSI B eonpoce 0 TOM, "!TO Cll9AY9T nOAP83yMeBaTb
nOA nOHSITLll9M «KOMnaKT». HeKOTOpb19 CYlrtTalOT, "!TO 3TO OTHOCll'ITCSI K reOM9TPll'IY9CKll'IM
pa3MepaM HOCll'IT911SI -AlrtCKa AlrtaMeTpOM B 12 CM lrt TOllll.\lrtHOi1eceroB1,2 MM. ,[l,pyrne
OTHOCSIT 3TO onpeAelleH111e K n110THOCTlrt 3an1rtCll'I lrt 06beMy xpaH1rtMOi1 1rtH4>0pMal..\lrtll'I.
,1J,11si 06bl"!HblX OAHOCTOPOHHll'IX 11'1 OAHOCJ10i1HblX KOMnaKT-AlrtCKOB OHa COCTaBllSl9T

0,6 ... 0,65
DVD) -

rnra6ei1T (r6ai1T), a AllSI ABYCTOPOHHll'IX YeTb1pexc11oi1HblX AlrtCKOB (rnna

9,4

r6ai1T. CKopee ecero, 1rt Te 11'1 Apyrne no-ceoeMy npaebl, TeM 6011ee, YTO

OTA911bHble 4>1rtpMbl oceo1rt111rt 11'1 y>Ke Ha"!a111rt cep1rti1Hbli1 eblnycK n11ei1epoe, pa60Ta10ll.\ll'IX
KaK OT 12-caHrnMeTpOBblX, TaK 11'1 OT caMblX HOBei1w1rtx 8-caHrnMeTpOBblX AlrtCKOB.
CD-n11ei-lepbl -

AST&rtll.\e s11eMeHTHoill 6a3bl Hoeei1wero noK011eHll'IS1.

Vix C03AaH1rte

OKa3a110Cb 6bl B006ll.\9 H9803MO>KHblM 6e3 HaJllrtYLllSI CllO>KH9i1Wll'IX MHOro4>yHKl..\1110Ha11bHblX MLllKponpOl..\9CCOPOB lrt ClrtCT9MHblX KOHTpo1111epoe, a TaK>Ke MaJlOMOll.\HblX no11ynpoBOAHlrtKOBblX OnTLllY9CKLllX 11a3epoe.
np1rt Ka>Kyu.tei-lcsi BH9WHei1 npoCTOTe CD-n11ei1ep npeACTaBJ1Sl9T co6o~ CllO>KHei1wylO
3119KTPOHHO-OnTLllKO-MexaHW·l9CKYIO CLllCT9MY BblCOKOi1, ec11111 He CKa3aTb -

np91..\Lll3LllOH-

HOi1 TOYHOCTll'I, onep1rtpy10u.tei1 c MexaHLllY9CKLllMLll nepeM9ll.\9HLllSIMlrt, Lll3M9pS19MblMll'I

174

MlrtKpOHaMlll, Ill aneKTp1rt'ieCKlllMlll ClllrHanaMlll, 'i8CTOTbl KOTOPblX BblAep>1aabl.
no o6w,eiii 1rtAeonor1rt1rt npou.ecca nepeHoca ayA1rt01rtHcj>opMau.1r11r1 OT M1rtKpoc:J>oHa e
CTYAlrtlll K asyK01rtany'iaTenio cnywaTenR CD-nneiilep cpOAHlrt o6bl'iHOiil rpaMaan1110111. 11'1 s
TOM lrt B APYrOM cny'iae nepBlrt'iHbliil ClllrHan, COOTB0TCTBYIOW,lrtM o6pa30M npeo6paaoB8HHbliil e 'illlCTO MexaH111'ieCK1rte 111aMeHeH111R cTpyKTYPbl Hoc111TenR, nocneAoearenbHO
«yKnSAbleaeTCR» BAOnb cn111panee111AHOiil aeyKoeoiil AOPO>KKlll Ha epaw,aiow,eMCR A1rtC1OpMau.111111 Ha AlllCK, 111 npou.ecc1;i1, npo111cXOARW,111e np111 C'illlTblBaHllllll lllHcj>OpMau.111111, no cyw,ecTBY B38111M006panfbl (KaK 6bl sepKanbHbl). BnpO'ieM, Ha 3TOM CXOACTBO rpaMnnaCTlllHKlll Ill KOMnaKT-AlllCKa Ill saKaH'illlB8eTCR.
Ha rpaMnnaCTlllHKe e MexaH1rt'iecKoA aHanoroeoiil cj>opMe aan111cb1eaeTCR aneKTp"1'ieCKaff eepC"1R 8JOpMau.111111 B CD-nneiiiepe npOlllCXOAMT
cno>1opMau.111111 Ha «pa6o'iyl0» 111 •cny>Ke6HYIO», nepepa6oTKa nonesHot'I 111Hcj>OpMau.111111 vis u.111cj>poeoiil cj>opMbl B aHanoroeyio 111
TOJlbKO nocne 3TOro BOCCTaHoeneHHaR aneKTplll'i0CK8R eepClllR lllCXOAHOrO ClllrHana napep,aeTCSI Ha cTaHp,apTHbliil YHY Afls:I eocnpo111aeeAeH111s:i.
To, 'iTO Mbl npO'inlll B AByx np0Ab1AYW.lllX a6sau.ax, Ha caMOM Aene He A80T HlllKBKOro
npeACTaBJ10HlllR 0 cj>aKTlll'i0CKOiil cnO>KHOCTlll npeo6pa30BSHlllVI, npOlllCXOARW,1111< B peanbHOM CD-nneiilepe. A nocKonbKY Mbl pew111n111 ecepbes nosHaKOMlllTbCSI co cxeMOTexH111Koiil 111 oco6eHHOCTRMlll KOHCTPYKu.111111 CD-nneiilepoe, Ha'iHeM c npocrnro nepe'i111cneH111s:i
ero OCHOBHblX ysnoe Ill I/IX cj>yHKU.lllOHBnbHOro Ha3H8'i0HlllR.
AnR HS'iana TO, 'iTO nonpow,e, a lllM0HHO: K8Klll0 cj>yHKU.111111 B OTnlll'il/10 OT npo111rpb188TenR o6bl'iHblX rpaMnnacTlllHOK 06ecne'i111eaeT CD-nneiilep, 111cno11b3YR c111rHanb1 OAHOiii
TOJlbKO C11Y>Ke6Hoiil lllHcj>OpMau.111111.
1. 0AHOBP0M0HHYIO sarpysKy H0CKOJ1bKlllX KOMnaKT-AlllCKOB, eocnpo111sBeA0Hllle KOTOPblX B03MO>KHO B Jll060iil nocneAOBaTenbHOCTlll c nOMOW,blO KOMaHA c nynbTS ynpaeJ10HlllR 11111111 SBTOMaTlll'i0CKlll no aapaHee BBeAeHHOiil nporpaMMe.
2. BOSMO>KHOCTb pa60Tbl c AlllCK8Mlll pa3HblX AlllaMeTpoe (12 11111111 8 CM).
3. Bb1eeAeH111e Ha A111cn11eiil ornaeneHVJR AlllCKa e npou.ecce ero sarpysK111.
4. 8blB0A0Hlll0 Ha AlllCnneiil lllHcj>OpMau.111111 0 nopRAKOBOM HOMepe aan111c111 Ha AlrtCKe
111 AJ1111T0JlbHOCTlll 3BY'i8HlllR,
5. AeT0MaT111'ieCKoe Ha'iano eocnpo111aeeAeH111R cpaay nocne aarpyaK111.
6. EiblCTpbliii nOlllCK HY>KHOl.'i cj>OHOrpaMMbl B ycKOpeHHOM pe>K111Me enepeA Ill Hasa.o,.
7. Bocnpo111seeAeH111e cj>oHorpaMM e 11io60V. nocneAoBaTenbHOCTlll.
8. BosMo>KHOCTb MHoroKpaTHoro noernpa OAHOiil cj>oHorpaMMbl.
9.npeABapviTenbHOe nporpaMMlllPOB8Hlll0 nocneAOBaTenbHOCTlll eocnpo111aB0A0HlllR OTAenbHblX cj>oHorpaMM.
10. Ha11111'i111e BCTpoeHHoiil c111cTeMb1 aeT0MaT111'iecKoro caMOKOHTponR 111 T8CT111poeaH111R ocHoBHblX yanoe CD-nneiilepa c Bb1Aa'ie'1 pesynbTaTOB npoeepK111 e cj>opMe 4111po6yKeeHHblX KOAOB Ha co6CTB0HHbl'1 AlllCnnei-1.
175

3HaKOMRCb C 3TlllM OTHIOAb He lrtCL!epnblBalOW.lllM CnlrtCKOM, Ha,D,O RCHO npeACTaBJlRTb, KaK1rte cxeMHble lrt KOHCTPYKTlrtBHble Y311bl lrt AeTaJllrt CTORT aa Ka)l(AblM lrt3 3TlrtX nyHKTOB. Me)l(Ay TeM nOMlrtMO YlrtCTO «CepBlrtCHblX» YHKL\lrtVI, nepeYlrtCJleHHblX BblWe, c11y>Ke6HaR 1rtHopMal..\1rtR «PYKOBOAlrtT» MexaH1rtYeCKlrtM ynpas11eH1rteM CYlrtTb1Ba10w.eV. 11aaepHOVI rQJlOBKlrt, BKJllOYalOW,lrtM B ce6R nOCTORHHOe cne>KeH1rte aa paaMepOM lrt ct>opMOVI
cseTosoro nyYKa Ha nosepxHOCTlrt pa6oYero c110R AlrtCKa 1rt era ct>oKYc1rtpoBKOVI, YAep>KaH1rteM CBeTOBOro nyYKa Ha 1rtH$OpMal..\1rtOHHOVI AOPO>KKe, pa,o.1rtanbHblM nepeMew,eHlrt0M
rOJlOBKlrt no Mepe spaw.eHlrtR AlrtCKa Ill T. n.
A ew.e CJ1y>Ke6HaR 1rtH$OpMal..\1rtSI He AaeT CYlrtTblBalOw.eV. ronoBKe COCKOYlrtTb co CYlllTblBaeMOVI AOPO>KK1rt np1rt cnyYaVIHblX cOTpRceH1rtRX 1rt YAapax, a e>Ke111rt TaKoe cnyYaeTCSI,
TO HeMeA11eHHO B03Bpaw.aeT ronOBKy Ha npe>KHee MeCTO, He AOnycKaR nplrt 3TOM n0Tep1rt Aa>Ke Hlr1YTO>KHOVI YacT1rt 1rtH$OpMal..\1rt1rt. VI 3TO, nosTop1rtMCR, TOnbKO peaynbTaTbl «pa6oTbl» ClrtrHanoB BCnOMOraTeJlbHOVI, CJ1y>Ke6HOVI 1rtH$OpMau,1rt1rt.
l.fTO >Ke KacaeTCR nocneAOBaTenbHOCTlrt npou,eccoB ot5pat50TKlrt OCHOBHOVI ayAlrtOlrtHct>opMal..\lr11r1, OHa B AOCTaTOYHO COKpaw.eHHOM sap111aHTe nplrtBOAlrtTCR Hlrt>Ke.

1.
2.
3.

CY1rtTb1BaH1rte 1rtHopMal..\1rt1rt c AlllCKa OnT1rtYecKoVI naaepHoVI ronoBKOVI.
npeo6pa30BaH1rte MOAYl11rtpoBaHHOro OnTlrtYeCKOrO ClrtrHana B 3!1eKTplrtY0CKlrtVI.
Yc1r111eH1rte, nepB1rtYHaR o6pa6oTKa, $1rt11bTpau,1rtR c1rtrHana 1rt opM1rtposaH1rte npR-

Moyro11bHb1x 1rtMny11bCOB.
4. Bb1Ae11eH1rte c1rtHxpo1rtMnynbCoB 1r1a o6w.eV. CMec1r1 c1rtrHanos.

5.
6.

,[l,eMOAYJlRLl,lrtR ClrtrHana.
BOCCTaHOBJ10Hlrt0 lrtCKYCCTB0HHO SB0A0HHOro nplrt aan1rtc1rt HapyweHlrtSI nocneAOBaTeJlbHOCTlrt aan1rtCblBaeMblX 6aVITOB 1rtH$OpMaU,1rtlrt (TaK Ha3blBaeMoro nepeMe>KeHlrtR) -

7.

AenepeMe>KeH1rte 6aVITOB.
,[l,eKOA1rtposaH1rte 1rtH$opMau,1r11r1 np1rt noMOW.1rt nepeKpecTHoro KOHTpo11si TaK Haab1-

saeMoVI lr136blTOYHOCTlrt -

cneu,1rtaJ1bHO BBOAlrtMblX B npo1.4ecce aanlrtClll BCnOMoraTeJlb-

HblX 3J10M0HTOB 1rtH$OpMal..\lr1lrt.
8. VIHTepn011Rl..\lrtR lrt KOppeKU,lrtR B03HlrtKalOW.lrtX ow1rtt50K.

9.

U.1rtct>posaR 1rt11bTpa1..11r1si c1rtrHana.

10. ,[l,eMyl1bT1rtn11eKC\llpOBaH1rte ClrtrHana.
11. 06paTHoe l..\1rtct>po-aHanorosoe npeo6paaosaH111e c1rtrHana.
12. 06pa60TKa lrt $1r1!1bTpal..\lrtR aHanorosoro ClrtrHana OT OCTaTKOB

l..\&rtPOBOVI 1rtHop-

Mau,1111rt.

13. nepeAaYa rOTOBOrO ClrtrHana B TpaKT 3BYKOBOCnp01rt3B0A0HlrtR.
VI 3AeCb, KaK lrt B C!lyYae co C!ly>K06HOVI 1rtH$OpMal..\1rteV., aa Ka)l(AblM nyHKTOM np1rtBe,o.eHHOro nepeYHR CKpblBaeTCR u,e11b1VI KOMn!leKC 3J10KTplrtY0CKlrtX aKTlrtBHblX Ill naCClllBHblX
npeo6paaosaTeneV. 111 «nepepa6oTYlllKOB» c111rHana, pean1r1aosaHHblX B MHoroct>yHKu,1110Ha!lbHblX npOL\0CCOpax Ill KOHTpo1111epax, A0KOAlllPYIOW.111X MlllKpoct5opKax, AlllOAHblX MaTp111u,ax 111 T. n.
B CD-n11eV.epax paaHblX ct>111pM ocHoBy 311eKTp111YecKoVI YaCTlll cocTaB11RIOT, KaK npas111110, OT Tpex AO nRTlll MlllKpocxeM BblCOKOVI CTeneHlll lllHTerpau,111111. np111 3TOM yaw.e scero Ha OCHOBHOVI n11aTe pacno11ara10TCR MlllKpocxeMbl npou,eccopa cepBOClllrHaJlOB,
06ecneY111BalOW,li1X n031r1l..\lllOHlr1POBaH1r1e lr1 nepeMew,eHllle 11aaepHOH CYlllTblBalOw.eV. roJ10BKlr1, l..\lr1$POBOro Clr1rHanbHOro npou,eccopa lr1 6blCTPOA0ViCTBYIOW.111e yc1r1111r1Te11111 MOW.HOCTlll AJlR ynpas11eHlr1R np1r1BOAaM1r1 3J10KTPOABlr1raTe11eV. lr1 co11eHOlr1AaMlll 0Kyc111poBKlr1
1r1 TpeK111Hra.
3AeCb, B03MO>KHO, 6yAeT yMeCTHblM nORCHlllTb, YTO noA TepMlr1HOM «Tp0Klr1Hr» (a 6011ee TOYHO - pa,o.1r1a!lbHblH TpeK1r1Hr) nOHlr1MaeTCR npOL\eCC c11e:>KeHlr1R aa ABlr1>KeH1r1eM
c0KYc1r1posaHHoro 11aaepHoro nyYKa no 1r1Hct>opMal..\lr10HHOVI AOPO>KKe KOMnaKT-Alr1CKa.
B OTJ1111Yllle OT ayA1r1on11eV.epa CD-n11eV.epb1 AOBO!lbHO peAKO 111cno11b3YIOTCR KaK ocHOClr1Mble», npeAYCMaTp111saiow.1r1e n1r1TaH1r1e OT ranbBaHlllYeCKlllX 3!1eMeHTOB lr1 pa60Ta10w.1r1e
Ha rOJlOBHble Tene$0Hbl. ropa3AO Yaw,e CD-n11eV.epbl BXOART B COCTSBBblCOKOKJlaCCHblX

176

pa,D,lllOKOMnneKCOB, MY3blK8nbHblX ~eHTPOB, 8BTOMarHlllT011 11111111 pean1113ylOTCR B 8111A9
CaMOCTORTellbHOrO npo111rpb1BaTe11R 11a3epHblX AlllCKOB c n111TaH111eM OT Clll110BOH CeTlll.
OT'laCTlll 3TO o6'bRCHReTCR TeM, 'ITO nopTITlllBHble «HOClllMble» CD-n11et1epb1 (K np111Mepy, MOAellb SL-SX500 111pMbl Panasonic) np111 n01193HOH BblXOAHOH MOll.\HOCTlll Haro110BHblX Te11ect>0Hax B H9CK011bKO Mlll11111118011bT Tpe6ylOT AJ1R ceoe.:l pa60Tbl lllCTO'IHlllK n111TaHl/IR c HanpR)f(eH111eM He Hlll)f(e 4,5 B 111 np111 STOM n0Tpe611R10T MOll.\HOCTb nopRAKa 6 BT.
KpoMe Toro, npocTO HepeHTa!5911bHO lllCn011b30BaTb TaKYIO C/10)f(Hyl0, Bb1COKOl111YH0.:l coCTaeHo.:l 'ISCTblO CD-n11et1epoe, pe3KO
OT/llll'lalOll,\e.:l 3TOT BlllA SPA OT ecex OCT8nbHblX BlllAOB, 6e3yCJ10BHO RBJlReTCR y3en no11ynpOBOAHlllKOBOro C'llllTblBalOll.\ero 11a3epa. He 111MeR B03MO)f(HOCTlll A9TallbHO 111 noApo6Ho paccMOTP8Tb pa60TY 3TOro MexaH1113Ma, ece )f(e nonpo6yeM CAellaTb 3TO XOTR
6bl B 06ll.\lllX 'lepTax.
0AHaKo AJ1R noH111MaH111R ct>1113111K111 ero pa60Tbl 111 CYll.\HOCT111 caMoro npo~ecca C'llllTbleaH111R lllH$OpMa~111111 coeepweHHO He06XOAlllMO XOTR 6bl B AByx CllOBax n03HaKOMlllTbCR
KaK c lllAeeU! HaHeCeHlllR 111HOPM8~111111 Ha AlllCK, TaK Ill c KOHCTPYK~llleti (11111111 TO'IHee
CTpYKTYPOH) caMoro KOMnaKT-AlllCK8.
B Ha1116011ee npocTOM eap111aHTe (OAHOC/lOHHaR OAHOCTOPOHHRR 38n111Cb) KOMnaKTAlllCK npeACTaBllReT co6ot1 KpyrnylO nnaCTlllHY AlllaMeTpOM 12 CM, TOllll.\lllHOH 1,2 MM
c ~eHTPOBblM OTeepCTllleM AlllaMeTpOM 15 MM AJ1R ycTaHOBKlll Ha AlllCKOBOA n11e.:lepa.
BoKpyr sToro ~eHTpoeoro OTeepcTlllR 111MeeTcR He6011bwas:i «MepTBaR 30Ha» w111p111Ho~
B

9

MM AJlR nplll)f(lllMa AlllCKa K AlllCKOBOAY· B OTJ1111'11119 OT rpaMnllaCTlllHKlll 3an111Cb Ill BOC-

npOlll3BeAeH111e lllH$OpMa~111111 Ha'llllHalOTCR OT ~eHTpa AlllCKa Ill 3aKaH'llllBalOTCR Ha ero
nep111ct>ep111111. Pa6o'laR 'ISCTb AlllCKa orpaHlll'leHa 1113HYTPlll 111 cHapy)f(111 TaK Ha3b1eaeMb1M111
30HaMlll BBOAHO.:l (w111p111Ha 4 MM) Ill BblBOAHO~ (w111p111Ha 1 MM) AOPO)f(eK.
Co6CTBeHHO HOC111Te11eM lllH$OpMa~111111 Clly)l(lllT lllClK CTaHAaPTHOrO KOMnaKT-AlllCKa Ill ero TOpt.teBOH pa3pe3 noKa3aHbl Ha
p111c. 82.

B CD-nneHepe npo111cxoA111T cneAYIOLL\ee: nocne ycTaHOBKlll CYlllTb1ea10LL\ero 11a3epa
TOYHO HaA HaYaJlOM BBOAHOH AOPO:>KKlll (3TOT npo1..1ecc HaSblBaeTCR HaYaJlbHblM no3111l.llllOHlllPOB8Hlll0M naaepa) Ill HaYaJlOM epaLL\eHlllR AlllCKa naAalOLL\lllH Ha nnaCTlllHY ccpoKyc111poeaHHb1'1 na3epHbl'1 nyy OTpa:>KaeTCR OT cpn3TOB Ill He OTpa>KaeTCR OT n111TOB. B pe3YJlbT8Te OTpa>KeHHb1'1 OT AlllCKa JlYY OK83blBaetCR npoMOAYlllllPOBaHHblM no lllHTeHClllBHOCTlll lllMnyJlbCHblM ClllfH8JlOM, HeCYLL\lllM TOYHYIO lllHcpopMal.lllllO 0 COOTHOWeHll'lll'I AJllllH
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pacnpoeTpaHeHHYIO nYTaH1rtu,y B TepM111Honorn111.
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182

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